Inhibition Effectiveness of Au Compounds

Inhibition Effectiveness of Au CompoundsFunction of the Guiding Bar on Inhibition Effectiveness of Au Compounds on Thioredoxin Reductase 3Qi LiuIntroductionMammalian thioredoxin reductase (TR) is an Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) dependent flavoprotein oxidoreductase, which is involved in reducing the disulfide of thioredoxin (Trx) using NADPH (Figure 1). Trx notify edit out many a(prenominal) important proteins, such as ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), which produces deoxyribonucleotides for DNA synthesis1, 2. Thus, TR and Trx play an important role in maintaining proteins in their reduced state, which involves the regulation of cellular redox reactions, proliferation, and differentiation3.In addition, Trx and TR is overexpressed in a lot of aggressive tumors, and the tumor growth and metastasis appear to be dependent on the Trx system, because tumor cells need constant DNA synthesis. However, tumor progression and metastasis were dramatically reduced when TR knockdown cells were injected into mice4. Thus, the TR was proposed to be a clean anticancer drug target5.In mammals, there are three different TRs which do been characterized the cytosolic nervous strain TR1, the mitochondrial form TR3, and thioredoxin glutathi unmatched reductase (TGR, also known as TR2)6. All of these TRs are selenoproteins with a selenocysteine (Sec) at their C-terminal active site. In the reaction mechanism of TR, the selenolate of Sec acts as an electron donor to Trx, also selenium can accept electrons from the N-terminal redox center of TR6. This redox center is located on a negotiable arm, which is solvent-exposed and reactive towards electrophilic inhibitors, hence representing a target for antitumor drug development1.A number of recent reports suggest that gold-based drugs have strong inhibition ability on TRs, which could be from the bring coordination between Au and the active site Sec on TRs, so that the selenolate group is blocked7. Interestingl y, the gold compounds,Bis1,2-bis(dipyridylphosphino)ethanegold(I) chloride (Au(d2pype)2Cl) and Bis1,3-bis(di-2-pyridylphosphino)propanegold(I) chloride (Au(d2pypp)2Cl), effect the inhibition effectiveness on compassionate TR1(hTR1) and human TR3 (hTR3) differently (Figure2). The precise molecular mechanism of TR inhibition by gold compounds has not been elucidated. Thus, studies on inhibition of TRs by gold-based drugs are necessary for designing new cancer inhibitors.Available crystal structures of TRs include hTR1, rat TR1 (rTR1), mouse TR3(mTR3), DmTR (thioredoxin reductase from D. melanogaster), and PfTR (thioredoxin reductase from P. falciparum) enzymes9. A recent study showed the crystal structure of hTR1 with its substrate thioredoxin, in which the C-terminal tail of hTR1 was alter by a head restriction, so that the flexible C-terminal tail can be observed (Figure 3). The steer forefend was first proposed in one of the structure studies of hTR1, and is composed of thre e amino acids Trp407, Asn418, and Asn419. It belongs to suppress random questions and positions the C-terminal tail in catalytically competent position through hydrogen bonding interactions9. However, the crystal structure of mTR3 does not show the C-terminus because of the random motion of the C-terminal without control from the maneuver bar. Furthermore, the order comparison between hTR1 and hTR3 shows the absence of the guiding bar in TR3 (Figure 4). look for questionThough inhibition of gold compounds on TRs has been studied, the function of the guiding bar on the gold compounds inhibition effectiveness on TRs has never been brought up tothe studies of inhibition effectiveness on TRs. The goal of this proposal is to investigate the role of the guiding bar on the inhibition ability of gold based compounds on hTR1 and hTR3. The guiding bar volition be constructed on hTR3 by mutations of K432W, A443N and S444N. Biophysical characterization get out be applied to observe the pr esence of the C-terminus on TR3 after mutagenesis. My surmise is the C-terminal tail of the crystal structure of mutated TR3 will be observed, because the random motion of the C-terminus is reduced by restriction from the guiding bar. Then, two gold compounds, Au(d2pype)2Cl and Au(d2pypp)2Cl , will be applied to test the inhibition difference on normal TR3 and mutated TR3. I expect to see that the inhibition on mutated TR3 could be stronger than that on normal TR3. consequence of Proposed ResearchThe thioredoxin system plays an important role in the intracellular redox enviornment and is composed of Trx and TR10. Proposed studies will give an insight into the function of the guiding bar on different TR enzymes. The guiding bar is expected to suppress the random motion of the C-terminal tail so that the redox center Sec on the C-terminus can have better coordination with the gold compounds. The coordination between admixture and Sec will tightly block the Sec redox center, so the i ntracellular redox balance will be disturbed and result in potent TR inhibition4. Thus, the presence of the guiding bar can help TR to be a better drug target.Proposed studiesEnzyme recipe and PurificationRecombinant human TR1 and TR3 will be cloned into E. coli BL21(DE3) cells, and the growth and purification will be done as described previously.11Mutation of Human TR3In lay to study the impact of the guiding bar residues on TR catalysis, the proposed mutations will be constructed on hTR3 with K432W, A443N, and S444N. These three mutation sites are chosen based on the sequence alignment of hTR1 in the guiding bar region of Pro376-Tyr422 (Figure 3), in which the critical amino acids, Trp407, Asn418 and Asn419, have the function of limiting random motion of the C-terminus. Thus, the same function of the guiding bar on hTR3 is expected to be observed via specific site mutation. Mutations will be introduced by the Quick Change mutagenesis method and sustain by DNA sequencing.Structu ral Studies of Mutated Human TR3The C-terminal tail in human and rat TR1 could be observed by roentgen ray crystallography, because the guiding bar limits its random motion. However, because the guiding bar is not present in mouse TR3, the C-terminal tail is too mobile to generate sufficient electron density without restriction from the guiding bar. This leads to the absence of the C-terminal tail in the crystal structure of mouse TR39. The mutated hTR3 after insertion of the guiding bar will be studied by X-ray crystallography. The presence of an ordered C-terminal tail in the crystal structure and the interaction between the guiding bar and the C-terminal tail will suggest certified motion of the C-terminal tail. I expect to see that the interaction of the guiding bar on the C-terminal tail will improve the inhibition effectiveness of Au compounds on hTR3.Electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESIMS) CharacterizationESI is an ionization technique which is used to detect hig h molecular weight molecules, such as proteins, peptides and other macromolecules, so ESI MS is an important technique for studying a complex biological sample9. Instead of fragmenting the macromolecules into smaller charged particles, this process turns the macromolecules into small droplets by ionization, and these droplets are further desolvated into even up smaller droplets, which creates molecules with attached protons12.As a putative target for anticancer metallodrugs, the selenoenzyme TR is the drug target for gold compounds, such as Au(d2pype)2Cl and Au(d2pypp)2Cl. The TR inhibition is thought to pass by through direct binding of the gold to the active site Sec undermentioned ligand substitution. So, TR3 and mutated TR3 will be separately incubated with the two gold compounds mentioned above for 30 mins at room temperature, and then the products will be analyzed by EIS-MS. The results will be compared and are expected to explain the binding of the gold onto the hTRs. I ho pe to see the gold compounds have better binding on mutated hTR3 than normal hTR3. This can be explained as the guiding bar can reduce the motion of flexible C-terminal tail, so that the gold compounds can bind onto the Sec of mutated hTR3 easier than the normal one and cause more inhibition on the mutated hTR313.TR Inhibition studyThe solvent-accessible selenolate group, arising from enzyme reduction, very likely constitutes a high affinity binding site for gold compounds. Tightly blocking the active site Sec through metal coordination should result in potent TR inhibition9. Thus, after ESI-MS characterization, the TR inhibition study will be performed with the two different gold compounds, Au(d2pype)2Cl and Au(d2pypp)2Cl, on hTR1, hTR3 and mutated hTR3 respectively. In addition to Trx, or so low molecular weight disulfide-containing substrates, including 5,5-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), lipoic acid, and lipoamidem, can also be reduced by TRs9. Here, DTNB would be chos en as the substrate for TR inhibition assay to notice consistent with the previous studies from other groups9. The NADPH dependent TR catalyzed reduction of DTNB will be monitored and settled by the increase in absorbance at 412nm. Inhibition of hTR1, hTR3 and mutated hTR3 will be done by using different concentrations of gold compounds (Au(d2pype)2Cl and Au(d2pypp)2Cl). The inhibition results from different TRs and gold compounds will be compared. Based on the assumption that the guiding bar can suppress the motion of the C-terminal tail, greater inhibition effectiveness on mutated hTR3 than that on normal hTR3 is expected to be seen. This will show that the C-terminus is limited by the guiding bar on mutated hTR3 helps the gold compounds inhibit the active site Sec more.Binding Studies by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC)ITC is a technique used to determine the thermodynamic parameters of interaction in solution. It can be applied to study the interactions between protein-p rotein, enzyme-inhibitor, protein-small molecules, protein-DNA, and so on. Thus, the binding between gold compounds and the three TRs (hTR1, hTR3 and mutated hTR3) can be investigated by ITC. Applying this method will tell us how well the inhibitors, the gold compounds, bind to TRs. The binding affinity (Ka) could show how strongly the gold compounds and TRs will bind, and the higher(prenominal) Ka, the stronger the binding. In addition, enthalpy changes (H) can tell the amount of energy released or obtained. Then, the entropy change (S) and Gibbs energy changes (G) can be determined by the following equation (1)G = -RTlnKa = H-TS (1)Comparison of the binding parameters between gold compounds (Au(d2pype)2Cl and Au(d2pypp)2Cl) and TRs (hTR1, hTR3 and the mutated hTR3) will give more information about the function of the guiding bar on the inhibition effectiveness of TRs. The higher Ka of hTR1 compared to normal hTR3 is expected to be seen, because the absence of guiding bar in hTR3 w ill lead to a flexible C-terminal tail, which will give a lower inhibition. In addition, Ka of the mutated hTR3 is expected to show higher binding affinity than the normal hTR3, because the guiding bar mutated on hTR3 will help reduce the random motion of the C-terminal tail, so that the redox center Sec can be easily inhibited by the gold compounds. Thus, the guiding bar can help improve the inhibition effectiveness of gold compounds on mutated hTR3.ConclusionThrough mutation and structural studies, the presence of the C-terminal tail which is restricted by the inserted guiding bar is expected to be seen in the mutated hTR3. The ESI-MS characterization and binding study can give information about if the gold can successfully bind to the specific active site on the mutated hTR3. Finally, a better understanding of the inhibition effectiveness will be tested and compared by the inhibition assay with hTR1, hTR3 and mutated hTR3. Thus, a better understanding of the function of the guidi ng bar in the TR system will give an insight into the effect of the guiding bar on the drug inhibition effect on TR3 so that it can become a better drug target.ReferencesO. Rackham., A. M. Shearwood., R. Thyer., E. McNamara., S. M. Davies., B. A. Callus., A. Miranda-Vizuete., S. J. Berners-Price., Q. Cheng., E. S. J. Arner and A. Filipovska,Free Radical Biol. Med. 2011, 50, 689699Lothrop A. P.,Snider G. W.,RugglesE. L., PatelA. S., LeesW. J., and HondalR. J., Biochemistry.2014,53, 654663Fritz-Wolf K, Kehr S, Stumpf M, Rahlfs S, and Becker K., Nat Commun.2001, 2, 383Fritz-Wolf K., Urig S., Becker K., J. Mol. Biol. 2007, 37, 116127Lothrop, A. P., Snider, G. W., and Hondal, R. J., Biochemistry. 2014, DOI 10.1021/bi400651xPratesi A., Gabbiani C., Michelucci E., Ginanneschi M., Papini A. M., Rubbiani R., Ott I., Messori L., J. Inorg. Biochem. 2014Gabbiani C., Mastrobuoni G., Sorrentino F., Dani B., Rigobello M. P., Bindoli A., Cinellu M. A., Pieraccini G., Messori L. and Casini A.,Med. C hem. Commun. 2011,2, 5054Lu J.,Chew E. H.,Holmgren A.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.2007, 104,12288Yoo M.H., Xu X.M., Carlson B.A., Gladyshev V.N., Hatfield D.L., J BiolChem, 2006, 281, 1300513008.Arnr E.S.J., Holmgren A., Eur. J. Biochem, 2000, 267, 61026109Gromer, S., Urig, S., and Becker, K., Med. Res. Rev. 2004, 24, 40-89http//chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Instrumental_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Mass_Spectrometers_(Instrumentation)/Electrospray_Ionization_Mass_SpectrometryLu, J., Chew, E.H., Holmgren, A., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,2007, 104, 1228812293.Berners-Price S. J., inBioinorganic Medicinal Chemistry, ed. E. Alessio, Wiley-VCH, WeinheimBerners-Price S. J. and Filipovska A.,Metallomics, 2011,3, 863873

Ports Of Coromandel Coast History Essay

Ports Of Coromandel Coast History EssayWhen we talk most the term Coromandel, we line up that it is generally believed to sacrifice hand and very(prenominal) earlyish historical past and the term Coromandel, childlikely held to be derived from the classical Tamil surface areaal name Colamandalam, when applied to the eastern coast of India has come to embrace a wider geographic argona than that for which it was originally employd. The visitor of the 19th century would be struck by the description given to Coromandel by the 17th-century writers. What exactly distinguishes both(prenominal) these sets of observations is that the 17th-century head of Coromandel is too vast and wide than that of the 19th century and secondly it divides the Coromandel into dickens neat parts with the Godavari river as the dividing point. For modern-day visitors of the seventeenth century to the area, the Coromandel Coast was the wide expanse of Indias eastern coast from point Calimere, where the coastline takes a sharp northerly drift, to near the 200 N parallel of latitude or the larboard of Ganjam. It was divided into ii parts, the north and the atomic number 16, with the Godavari point existence the dividing the between the two. In later times the Coromandel Coast proper was held to be to the entropy of this Godavari point and the north was cognise as the Gingelly coast or Golconda coast. By the seventeenth century usage, the term embraced the coastlines of the modern states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh (Telugu Desam) and the southern tip of Orissa1. Contemporary visitors to the area looked upon the entire coast as forming one work region, with common patterns of trade, common characteristics of seafaring and a broadly similar hinterland. The extent to which they were justified in this will become clear in the succeeding pages, where the trade of the region is considered2. This justice is the whole point that the geographical regions do non stand an inherent governing body and are non outlined merely by physical phenomena like rocks Rivers, mountains and many otherwise such naturally occurring features. On the contrary, the human interaction with the region produces the region and thus we see that during the pre-modern end the Coromandel was region whose prime im larboardance to outsiders was trade, whereas in the centuries preceding the mediaeval stop consonant no such too large-scale vocation activity was found. in that locationfore the constitution of the region of Coromandel by the Europeans was based on trade that took place during the h cardinal flow rate of capitalism in Europe.A nonher striking feature of the Coromandel cost and in general the western coast of India was the absence of natural harbours and also naturally occurring features conducive for send offping. This is one of the reasons that for trade to take place in the Western coastline of India was aristocratical though the continental shelf was very deep. In the eastern coast, the low continental shelf and lack of deep harbours hindered the moment of big vessels from the reverse to the ocean. In the whole Coromandel coast, there were only very few points that are very favourable for tape transport and it is only logical that, these points have become the major carriages. A brief description of the interfaces would help us in understanding the nature of the moment of vessels and consequently the trade patterns. The western shores of the Bay of Bengal were generally inhospitable for shipping. there were no naturally endowed havens on the coast comparable to the Trincomalee Bay in eastern Ceylon. Kakinada, the place that came nearest to such a natural harbour, did not have other favourable characteristics as a trade outlet and was not one of the major ports of the area in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. approximately of the ports of outlet were either exposed to the full gist of the elements of the ocean or were shelte red behind mouths of rivers and creeks with problems of entry and exit created by sacqueing channels and smooth bars. The coastline was generally flat and sandy with the exception of its northernmost parts, where it is aboutwhat undulating and less sandy. There were no soundings to help incoming ships outside half a class from the coastline, a situation that contrasts with the eastern shores of the Bay of Bengal which had soundings 4 degrees from the coast.The northernmost port of Coromandel with nigh significance in coastal and oceanic trade in our period is Ganjam, situated at latitude. 190 22 N, longitude 850 3, at the mouth of river Rushikulya. It is better known in the records in the eighteenth century than it is in the seventeenth, but this may be because of increasing European pursual in it. Ganjam was typical of the river mouth ports of Coromandel, with shifting sand banks and narrow channels. The banks were of sufficient depth to allow country vessels through and th rough and the river was navigable for about distance inland, creation of considerable size. The surf was heavy and large vessels anchored on the roadstead. They were reached by the many local boats that operated from the river. The port derived its strength from the ample Rushikulya valley, from where and from neighbouring Orissa rice was transported there for export. It was an important port in the coastal trade southwards to Madras, Paleacat and other places where rice was in demand. In the eighteenth century, as the south became an area deficit in food grains, Ganjam became the starting point of a provisions invigorationline to these places. Ganjam was also proximate to textile producing centres. There is no state that it was prominent in the oceanic trade in our period, but come forths rather to have been a feeder port to some of the neighbouring export centres of Golconda.3About twelve miles south of Ganjam is the port of Gopalpur, a port not of any great significance in our period, though it grew in vastness in the nineteenth century. It does not find a mention in the modern-day travellers accounts, nor does it feature in the trade of the companies. In the nineteenth century it sees to have been looked upon as the principal port of the Ganjam district and to have become prominent in the export trade in rice, probably drawing trade away from Ganjam port. About twelve miles south of Gopalpur is the port of Sonapur, about which little is known, though there are enough hints of its undoubted commercial activities. There was a tradition related by merchants of Sonapur late in the eighteenth century that, because of a caste disputes among merchants at Ganjam, komatties decided to leave that port and settle in Sonapur. The shift seems also to have been caused by the take in to escape oppressive taxation at Ganjam. Near it inland was the important market town of Berhampur. It appears that there were some major suppliers of textiles among these merchan ts, from which it could be inferred that the port was a fedder of export piece hots to other large ports in the area4.The next port in the south of any significance was Kalingapatnam at the watch to the Vamsadhara river, known to contemporaries as the Kalingapatnam river. It was an open roadstead, protected on the south by a sandy point and some rocks, and provided safe anchorage. It is referred to occasionally in contemporary records, but little is known of its trade except that it move on the rich rice growing and textile producing hinterland. About fourteen miles south of Kalingapatnam, on the Langulya river, is the town of Srikakulam known among the contemporary Europeans as Chicacole. It was situated about four miles upstream on its northern bank. Its port of outlet was Mufaz Bandar at the mouth of the river. Srikakulam was a district administrative capital under the Golconda kingdom and later under the Mughal empire. It was an important market for the supply of textiles fr om several weaving villages all a roofy. Over time, however, the entrance to the river Langulya got choked and the port was not functional any to a greater extent. There is evidence that this was happening in our period, since much of the cloth of Srikakulam was being transported by land northerly to Kalingapatnam or southwards to Bimilipatnam. A prosperous hinterland based on a surplus of rice cultivation and craft production with the primary focus on textiles mark to some of the ports like Kalinga Putnam. The rich land was very conducive for rice cultivation and the prosperity of this agricultural base led to variegation into production of cotton and textile production. With the increase of time, many of the weavers who worked part-time due to the uncertain nature of demand became full-time weavers and and did not participate in agriculture. This shift in patterns of production was mainly due to the development of the port over the centuries.Bimilipatnam, situated on latitude 17 0 53 N, longitude 830 27 E, was an important trading port in our period. It was more important than the major modern port of Visakhapatnam, which lies about fifteen miles to its south. The coastline between Bimilipatnam and Kalingapatnam is dangerous and inhospitable, with a submerged ledge of rocks in spite of appearance six miles of the shore. Nor did the hinterland provide opportunities for trade. Bimilipatnam, port, though an open roadstead was reasonably easy protected by headlands and provided safe anchorage in both souwest and north-east monsoons, being thus one of the well weather ports of this coast. It was therefore the resort of a large native shipping fleet, both the small coasting vessels and the large ships that sailed to Bengal and across the Bay of southbound East Asia. It was above all the chief rice exporting port of this coast, the main supplier by sea to southwesterly Coromandel, Ceylon and the Malabar Coast. The Dutch physician, Daniel Havart, who lived for many years in Paleacat, called it a rice bowl for Ceylon and other ports. The large East Indiamen of the European Companies would resort here to pick up food supplies before sailing on long journeys. Dutch ships sailing from Masulipatnam to Malacca and Batavia called here on the way to stock up rice, meat and other foodstuffs for the journey. It was also a port for the export of textiles to southbound East Asia5.Among the small ports listed on the eastern coast was Visakhapatnam as it was only rudimentary stages of development, though it had very good natural harbour that was only waiting to be unquestionable. To the south of Bililipatnam was Visakhapatnam, which as noted above, had not except masterd its subsequent importance. Situated on latitude 170 42 N, longitude 830 17 E, it was recognized as a port with natural advantages. It lay on a river which was barred at the entrance but, with eight to ten feet at the shallowest, was capable of admitting boats and ships of some siz e. There were a number of recognizable landmarks in approaching this port. While considerable interest has been paid to trade, not much focus has been levied on shipbuilding and by extension the repairs of ships in the eastern coast of India, whereas the western coast traditionally hand been engaged in shipbuilding activities to cater to the Arabian African demand. It is in this respect that we see the race of Visakhapatnam as a new port endowed with facility for both trade and shipbuilding. The convenience of the river le to the construction here of some dockyards, even in our period, for repairing ships, though the port was not yet the major centre of ship building on the coast. These facilities attracted European shipping increasingly to this port in the eighteenth century, when it began to grow in importance.Proceeding southwards from Visakhapatnam, the next point of interest on the coast is Coringa Bay and a number of points in it within close proximity to each other Coringa, K akinada, Ingeram, Bandarmalanka, Yanam, and Jagannathpuram. There is evidence of all these ports being in the use in varying degrees at various times. Yanam, Ingeram and Jagannathpuram are on branches of the Godavari river in its delta area and were approachable in small boats and country vessels which good brought goods through to ships anchored in the Bay. At the bar of these rivers the water was shallow and no vessels of any substantial size could get through. These ports do not feature conspicuously in the seventeenth century, though it is possible they were mainly places of indigenous trade. In the eighteenth century they were frequented by Europeans looking for supplies of textiles in the region. The English shipped goods from Ingeram, the French from Yanam and the Dutch from Jagannathpuram. The Dutch were quite enthusiastic about Jagannathpuram later in the eighteenth century, referring to it as a good port and convenient place to ships goods. In detail by the end of the eig hteenth century, when Dutch fortunes on the Coromandel Coast had sunk low in the face of English expansion, this was one of two places they were keen to withhold for their trade6. The rise of Jagannathpuram is an instance of the constant dynamism in the status and activities of ports along the coast caused by a variety of internal and external factors.To the south of this cluster of ports of the Godavari delta, on the west branch of this river, the Vasishta Godavari, also called Narsapore river, is the town of Narsapore with its port and docks. On the bar of this river was eight to nine feet of water at low tide, and internal the river, in the passage to the town, was three to five fathoms of water. The town is about six miles from the river mouth and could be entered by every type of vessel that was then in use. Adjoining Narsapore is the town of Madapollam, almost a suburb of Narsapore. Both these places, especially Nasarpore, were ship building centres, with excellently appoint ed dockyards for building, sheathing and caulking ships. Ships were built here for the Golconda magnificent merchant fleet, for native merchants and even for the companies and European free merchants. Bowery refers to a ship built in his time in Narsapore for the king of Golconda of 1000 tuns. European ships made use of these facilities in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries and had vessels for their Asian trade built here. Ship building timber was shipped down river from the upper reaches of the Godavari river. The adjure and steel foundries of the upper Godavari provided the raw materials for nails, couplings and anchors. Ropers and cordage were made there from coir imported from Ceylon, Malabar and the Maldives. The English and Dutch set up their own dockyards, employing their own personnel later on some years . The Dutch, in particular, set about it with their customary thoroughness, bringing master carpenters, shipwrights and iron founders from the Netherlands and employing a large Indian skilled and unskilled labour force7.All the places did not develop based only on purely commercial considerations like trade, as we see that there are also many other considerations like good weather and fresh and clean air that captivated the British. This is more important for them when they needed to take a rest from places nearby.The two places were therefore not so significant as ports of trade, though there was some export of textiles from the neighbouring weaving villages, as for their ship building and repairing docks. They also had a reputation among Europeans for their clear fresh air, and company servants living in Masulipatnam (which was notoriously unhealthy) used to treat them as health resorts and have country residences there to which they would very much retire. By the beginning of the eighteenth century the decline of these two river ports as centres of commerce and ship building had started. Madapollam was abandoned earlier because of th e encroachment of the Godavari. The decline of Narsapore was more gradual, partly caused by the disturbed hinterland in which the raw materials for ship building were derived and partly by the rise of European controlled ports where dockyards and repair facilities were established.Masulipatna, situated on latitude 160 9 N, longitude 810 10 E, was the port with the great publicity on the Coromandel coast in the seventeenth country, largely because of its high visibility to those who have left behind contemporary records, though Orme refers to a tradition that this town was founded by a colony of Arabs in the 14th century.8Fernandez Naverett who visited Masulipatam in 1670, describes it as a populous place of great trade, and John Fryer estimates the population of Masulipatam at the close of the 17th century at two lakhs.9Besides natives it was also attracted a large numbers of foreign traders from different parts of the world. The city developed separate localities of different ethni c groups such as the French Peta, the English Palem and Holland Palem. By the end of the 17th century the port and city of Masulipatam had developed considerably on account of their flourishing textile industries and growing inland maritime trade.10The port had links with the ocean trade of Gujrat and the Persian Gulf and also with the South-East Asian countries. A large number of merchants who came from different parts of Golconda were a great market for the goods imported through Masulipatam.In the constant battle between man and nature and the role of man to master nature always leads to suppresses and in the case of instance of Masulipatam we see that the destruction that took place in the aftermath of the great cyclone would however be rectified by human effort. Many ports and declined or were totally neglected. However, the enterprise of the British and the resettlement of the traders saw the revival of Masulipatam.The port city of Masulipatam continued to grow and expand till it witnessed a devasting cyclone on 13 October 1779, which destroyed and damaged a great part of the citys houses, bridges and other buildings, besides the Dutch and English settlements. In plus to the loss of human life on the shore, several ships and boats sank during this cyclone. It was estimated that in Masulipatam and in the villages in its hinterland about 20, 000 people perished. However, soon afterwards, the wealthy merchants as well as the European factors theorize their establishments, and the inland and overseas trade of the port city revived.11About twelve miles to the south of Masulipatnam is Point Devy, and further to the south the Krishna flows into the ocean in many branches forming a promontory, crisscrossed by streams, rivulets and flood channels. Because this promontory was cut off from the mainland for most of the year by these rivulets, it was known to contemporaries as Devy Island. It was not a adapted place for a harbour or any form of outlet of trade, bu t it was extremely fertile on account of the alluvial deposits of the Krishna. The land there was well cultivated as well densely wooded, abounding in wild buffaloes and game. These features made it a great attraction to the larger European Companies cladding provisioning problems. The Dutch first saw the potential of this place and made several attempts to get a grant of the island, first from the ruler of Golconda and then from the Mughals. They were more than once at the point of success but the cession was not confirmed because of the lucrative revenues the land produced to local lessees. The Dutch had grand plants to shift their trade from Masulipatnam to Devy, where they were discharge to construct port facilities, deepen the channel to take vessels of some size and attempt to develop inland soaring to the weaving villages. The place had the advantage of being defensible from attacks from the mainland, and would have made them independent of the hinterland power. With the decline of the port of Masulipatnam the English also had the same idea, and when Sir William Norris went on his embassy to the Mughal court in 1699 one of his requests was for a cession of Devy to the English. The concession was not given and the English sought to achieve it later in the eighteenth century, always without success. If Devy had been conceded, either to the Dutch, or to the English, there is no doubt that an effective port of outlet could have been established there, a feature that would have been consistent with the dynamics of growth and development of ports and commercial centres in Coromandel.South of Devy Point is the port and town of Petapuli, lying on the estuary of a river. It was quite a substantial place of trade and traffic, situated close to a cluster of weaving villages. From the end of the seventeenth century the port was called Nizampatnam, a name it has retained since. The port was by all accounts good by contemporary standards, the river providing entr y for vessels of up to 100 tons. Streynsham Master, when he visited this area in 1766, observed several vessels of 50 to 100 tons in the river. It was a port with a considerable country trade, besides providing goods for export for the oceanic trade. It was the home of a number of wealthy Telugu Hindu merchants). South of Nizampatnam, for some considerable distance, there are no major ports. There are some minor ports such as Motupally, Cottapatnam and Ramapatnam, which were shipping piece goods in small vessels to the larger ports of the north and the south. There is a suggestion that Cottapatnam, lying on the estuary of a river, was at one time a port of some importance. There was a tradition there, that after a quarrel between balijas and komatties in an adjoining port, the komatties migrated in a body to Cottapatnam and established their trade there. Likewise an early seventieth century European account talks of Motupally as formerly a famous mart and seat of extensive trade. So there seems to have been some shifting around of trade outlets in this area. The mouth of the Gundlakamma river, lying at latitude 150 27 N, is generally held to mark the northern boundary of the Coromandel Coast proper12.On the border between the district of Ongole and Nellore, at the mouth of the Menneru, on its right bank, is a port referred to in contemporary records as Karedu. This port appears to have been of some importance in the seventieth century, being linked directly by road to the capital city of Golconda. The bar of the river was always open to let in vessels of medium size. Customs duties were considerably lower here than in Masulipatnam, and merchants were importing and exporting goods here in some quantity. It must have been a port of some importance at one time and it is possible that it was one of the ancient ports of trade in Andhra. In Masters time it had already declined to it significance.South of Cottapatnam up to Palecacat, the only ports of any description are Kistnapatnam and Arumugam, the latter known to contemporary Europeans as Armagaon. This port is located on the eastern coast in the taluk of Gudur of Andhra Pradesh. Once, itwas a flourishing port centre stated by the Chola and Telugu Chola inscriptions. The port was referred to in the inscriptions as Kollitturai alias Kanda GopalaPattinam. Probably it could be named after the Telugu Chola king ViraRajendran date in 1256-57 A.D. this port was engaged by the foreigners of various countries (pandine bhumisamashaparadesigal and merchants. It also records that various types of vessels and boats were anchored in this port.They were referred to in the inscriptions as kalam, tonuru, tuli, kalavam, vidavu etc. Kalam is identical with kalam (small boat) mentioned in the Tamil publications and toUru probably identical with Tamil Toni. It has two words Toni+ Uru which ultimately became Tonuru. Uru is also a small vessel used both for inland and coastal navigation for boarding a ship, loa ding a ship and fishing in the coastal areas in addition to their use in the rivers as ferry boats. It is not clear to give the meaning of tuli, kalavam and vidavu.During Irumadi Tirukkalattudevar (1279 A.D.) time, the merchants of various countries residing in this port donatedone fourth percent on the appraised cost of all he goods exported and imported at this port. During Vijayanagara period the port was renamed as Rajavibhadan Pattinam.About thirty-five miles south of Arumugam was the port of Paleacat on latitude 130 26N, longitude 800 20 E. In common with many other ports of the region it had no natural merit as a port, though contemporaries considered it better than Madras. The coast was shallow and there was a dangerous reef offshore, which larger ships of a later period were instructed to avoid. The main port was on the southern end of an island formed by the sea, and a lagoon or backwater called Paleacat Lake. A river flowed into the parch by the side of it but the bar wa s not deep enough to admit vessels of more than 50 tons. The island was called Sriharikota and a spit of sand separated it from the mainland. Ships anchored about a mile from the shore and had to be loaded and unloaded in small boats of the masoola type which were beached on the shore. Paleacat was an important port of Indian shipping date back well before the seventeenth century, featuring prominently in the trade to South East Asia. Its hinterland, Poneritaluq, had several villages engaged in handloom manufacture, and Paleacat was the port of outlet for these goods. When the Dutch secured considerable rights and privileges here, they began to dominate the trade. They erected a fort, Fort Geldria, at the point where the river flowed into the sea, and dredged some of the sandbanks to enable the use of the river and the backwaters for transport in small boats. There were villages all round the port, some of which were ceded to the Dutch. They brought all these villages into the serv ice of the port and developed the complex, by the end of the seventeenth century, into a substantial port town. The shifting of the river estuary, the sandbanks and coastal erosion appear to have made Paleacat less functional as a port in the eighteenth century. Outside the Dutch fort was a section of the port where Indian owned ships plied their trade. But they had to submit themselves to Dutch restrictive controls and appear to have moved out of Paleacat to other Coromandel ports. Under the Dutch, Paleacat was drawn in to the Dutch-Asian trading system and established close shipping links with important Dutch centres of trade such as Malacca, Colombo and Batavia. In the eighteenth century, in addition to climatic factors, political and economic events led to the decline of the port. In the nineteenth century Paleacat disappeared as a trading port and was not in use even in the coastal trade13.About twenty-five miles south of Paleacat is Fort St. George or Madras (originally Chenna patanam, situated on latitude 130 5 N, longitude 800 18 E. Generally recognized as among the worst harbours of the region in terms of physical situation, it has futures that were positively dangerous to shipping. It was not a place to which local shipping had restored before the foundation of the English settlement. Its precise origins are not clear but it appears that a town had been founded there a few years preceding to its cession to the English. Whatever the origins, it is clear that the place was no more than a few fishing settlements when the English arrived there. The ruler though this a means to achieve his ambition of developing a commercial centre in his dominions. This proved eminently successful, though not in the way conceived by the ruler. Madras grew as yet another port along the coast with an open roadstead. In the beginning it was primarily used by English shipping. It later attracted indigenous Indian shipping, though Madras in our period never became the home of a large Indian merchant fleet.Four miles south of Fort St. George is the port of San Thome, built by the Portuguese as a fort and town near the older Tamil port of Mylapore. Mylapore occurs as a port of significance in the trade to South East Asia, long before the Portuguese came to San Thome. After they settled there and built the fort, the better to control the trade and derive some tribute from it. Mylapore and San Thome seem to have functioned as an extended port, inland market and manufacturing town. Mylapore had settlements of weavers producing for an export market. The port was an open roadstead, much the same as Madras, though the rivulet of Adayar and the backwaters may have provided some facility for small boat traffic. The St. Thomas Mount rising just behind the port was visible from out at sea and was a good sounding point of sailors. Despite Portuguese presence, possibly because of it, Indian shipping continued unaffected by the English settlement of Madras. Like Madra s, it drew from the Chingleput hinterland for its textile exports and imported goods for that market.About seventeen miles to the south of Madras was Kovalam, which appears to have been use as a port of outlet at certain times. It never really grew to any importance, despite efforts by the rulers of the hinterland to achieve this in the eighteenth century. The obvious attractions of revenue from customs due on imports and exports persuaded the regional officers of the nabob of Arcot to foster the growth of this port and to initiate the construction of a town ship called Sadat Bandar. There is evidence that shipping was attracted to the port in the first decades of the eighteenth century. The Ostend East India Company was given permission by the nawab to establish a factory there with trading concessions. The company folded up and Kovalam never developed a trade of any consequence14.South of Kovalam, past Mahabalipuram and the so called Seven Pagodas, was the port of Sadurangapatnam , lying at latitude 120 32 N, longitude 800 10 E. It was an important port of oceanic trade in the seventeenth century, known to the Europeans as Sadraspatnam or Sadras. Though without a river, there was an outstretched headland that provided some protection to ships which could lie close to the coast. The temples Mahabalipuram just seven miles to the north were a good sounding point for ships sailing into this port. The port derived its strength from a well populated hinterland, with numerous weavers villages and with good access to internal markets by road. Indian shippers carried on an import and export trade from here across the Bay of Bengal. Its importance persuaded the Dutch to take the port and neighbouring village in lease in 1705, after which native shipping seemed to have moved elsewhere.The coastline south of Sadraspatnam was in our period a busy area of trade and traffic. It was littered with a number of ports situated within a few miles of each o

Critical Analysis: Js Mills Defense Of Free Speech

Critical Analysis Js Mills Defense Of Free SpeechReading J.S. Mills Defense of free Speech was a show upstanding accord of interest, education and increment of know directge to me. I was so thril lead by his choice of words and his mechanism of analyses. It is of a outstanding pleasure and of a great honor to me to have this opportunity to analyze and asses critically this very write up.According to J.S. Mill we see that immunity means a) the freedom of thought, religion, speech, b) the freedom of tastes, and the freedom to plan the life in descent way, and c) the freedom of assembly. Thus, Mills ideal is a possible freedom of every person for the purpose of the entire beau monde prosperity. Mill even stated that the state should come across c are of own people and dont try to increase the value of own citizens with the purpose of making them pli suitable instruments of own projects implementation. Mill defends the right of individuals to have as he pleases. According to Mill we see that each of us is self-sufficient with respect to own health, as bodily, mental and spiritual. Social growth is the result of all the various individual initiatives. Clearly, everyones freedom finds its limits in the freedom of another. Individual shall not infringe upon the interests of others or a certain sort out interests, which by law or acquiescence should read as legal. He was forced to accept their responsibilities and the necessary sacrifices for the protection of connection and its members from any(prenominal) sabotage and unrest.Freedom in Mills mind is the public good. Because a free person is more(prenominal)(prenominal) productive than not free person and has a better chance of happiness, advocated by the time Mill in his excogitate. Now we have a reason to suspect that the freedom is the condition for further phylogeny of the individual and, more pregnantly, the collectivity development, i.e. culture-and sociogenesis. Survival of the hu creation species depends on how human can think, and on his ability to modify the form of collective existence. It is possible to say without en king-sizement that Mill first felt in what direction the further process of universal evolution goes or even where it should be directed for the purpose of its approaching continuation.It cannot be overemphasized the importance and necessity of freedom in life. It is our right to exercise our freedom. The freedom of speech in consideration here near especially is by all odds needful, useful and should be unutilized or underutilized by individuals in recent times. This is one of the bases of civilization. Thinking somewhat the liberty of thought and discussion on the governmental train we see that Mill was worried by the state censorship of individuals behavior more as a danger rather than the topic of the day. In one-time(a) Europe the state interference in individuals life and the freedom of ex stirion has not been straight until Mills time s. It had a place not because of big governments unselfishness to personal freedom, entirely because of the so-called technical problems it means that the government was still foc employ on other prerogatives. No one was aware of how widely it whitethorn be playing areas of potential individual freedom, because life was a meager content, and finally the prerogative of the regulation of morals then belonged to the church and community in those times. freshman of all, I would like to have a short look at the prehistory of the book On Liberty, because it exit help me to be more schoolmaster in further analysis of Mills thoughts. The book On Liberty Mill co-wrote with his wife in 1859. The author has predicted a long life to this his work by himself and thought that exactly On Liberty testament survive the rest of his creations. Mill does not get tired to stress the importance for man and society as a whole in maximum diversity of characters and full freedom of human nature in a m yriad of severalize directions. Freedom does not exactly protect from the tyranny of power, it insures also against such kind of tyranny as the tyranny of prevailing opinion and feeling of usual social trends, ideas and habits It seems to me that the freedom limits the penetration of legitimate collective wisdom of individual independence.On my opinion, treatise On Liberty is one of the fundamental works of liberal thought, as it provides the rationale unit of society, where the freedom of speech, the freedom of thought, the freedom of private life (including frugal freedom) and the freedom of social and political associations were discussed. According to Mill the above numerated freedoms would sprain a reality in democratic governance. However, in a representative board (it is assumed in a democracy) are possible the tyranny of musical mode and the tyranny of the majority.Mill considered that in a society the law and public opinion should compel people to perform certain beh avioral rules. In this lawsuit the most classical question is about the true essence of these rules. In every era and in every country the dominate rules and laws are perceive as unquestionable and self-evident by people. Meanwhile, this almost universal illusion is one example of the magic influence of habit. In all societies, wrote Mill, in that location are several principles that play an beta role in the formation of behavioral rules that are imposed by the law or public opinion in the first and the foremost rate it is the interest of the ruling come apart. The majority of public morality is conditioned to the interests of the ruling class where one class dominates the other. The second principle, which plays an important role in the formation of the behavioral rules, lies in cringing and in desire to please masters or gods. In addition, the moral c at oncepts were also alter by the public interest.The fact that at that place are in accordance to our views the presence of good government and gravid government might not be one without error. This was critically emphasized in Mills write up. Mill (1859) stated that The best government has no more title to it than the worst. It is as noxious, or more noxious, when exerted in accordance with public opinion, than when in opposition to it. If all mankind minus one, were of one opinion, and only if one person were. The opinions we bear forever and a day capture us who we are. When we see the government as a bad one, it makes us a people who are led by a bad government. An opinion held by a majority or by people in power or even any individual could be erroneous. The uniform very opinion held by a group of people as truth and correct might be total held by the other group as completely false statement and completely incorrect.The presence of change cannot be overemphasized and does not change as different generation passes by. It is a true saying that as parvenu generation comes, there comes a new w ay of life, way of thinking and many a(prenominal) other improvements or non-improvements in processes. at that place have been many reformations and changes in the system of governance of any country of the world from the year 1678 to 2010. What does this point to? This means that for a rational critic to rationally criticize any government there should be detailed consideration of the time, setting and location of the criticized government. Nevertheless I still want to stipulate that there still holds some general view on the basic things expected of a government to offer its citizens and this is the freedom of speech. According to Van Belle (2000) we see that For the most part, efforts to defend press freedom have been equal to the task. In fact, if the gradual growth of press freedom around the world is any indicator, the defense lawyers and search of press freedom might even be considered to be slightly more robust overall than the effort to censor. If you mark the beginnin g of the fight for press freedom with the arguments for unlicensed printing put forrad in John Miltons Areopagitica, scholars, philosophers, and politicians have been fighting for the freedom to publish free of government control for iii and a half centuries. To make our points approved is an enviable feature and character worthy of emulation which establishes our opinion as a statement of truth. I will not but also comment on this point as it evokes the feeling and awareness to each of us and most especially the government to tolerate great room for criticism and evaluation of the views and beliefs held. Mill holds the view that our views and opinions despite the fact that they are value statements should have enough safe grounds of defense to it. We should always weigh our statements, opinions and views in order that they should be worthy enough for anyone to rely on.In the issue with misunderstand with a great man once lived-Socrates by the law givers in his time, was of cours e an act of intimidation, non-civilization and inhumanity. There is a great disharmony between the then existent way of things, judgments and opinion which nowadays is considered as a terrible one. According to Mill (1859) we read that Mankind can troublesomely be too often reminded, that there was once a man named Socrates, between whom and the legal authorities and public opinion of his time, there took place a memorable collision. There has been in history the execution of great men who made great differences in life only because of disagreement with what they believe by the then organization authority. It is of course not an act of justice, not an act that depicts the presence of freedom and grants full power to the government without a full rational root word.Holding of opinion is not just enough but being able to defend it to some degree is the importance of this opinion thereof. Mill (1859) wrote in accordance to anterior statement that There is a class of persons (happi ly not quite so numerous as formerly) who think it enough if a person assents doubtingly to what they think true, though he has no knowledge whatever of the grounds of the opinion, and could not make a tenable defense of it against the most superficial objections.. In existence are yet individuals who think one should only listen to them and believe all they say. Any argument with them evokes annoyance and possibly some punishments on the arguer in a case when they are the governing body of the very societal setting. There is great truth in this in that for polite people the weapons of battle are words well-constructed, that portrays opinion and substantiates it and able to prove and defend it beyond all reasonable thoughts, but not to involve any physical battles. The battle of words is a constructive civilized way of life aimed at confirming how strong a value statement could be and should even not involve any sort of punishment.The freedom of expressing ones belief is good but m ore especially there should also be concomitant knowledge of the opposing belief in order to rationally express the basis of this belief. The greatness you have as a propagator of a certain belief lies in your knowledge of an opposing beliefs facts and knowing and expressing a rational assertion of superiority over the opposing belief.It is political as well as rationally worthy to discuss opinions for the complete exposure of its foundational basis and meaning. Analyzing Mills position we see that Mill opposed to individual self-restraint, to restriction of individuals freedom from the societys side, and also he opposed to restrictions on freedom of the individual and society from the states side. It is obvious that Mill was well aware that the joint lives of individuals cannot exist without any restrictions of freedom. Mill said that the freedom of one ends where the freedom of another begins. The boundary of the previous Mills statement, of course, is mobile and conventional and, incidentally, is supported in the free discussion. Mill in his treatise On Liberty provides some clarification, as this border should be determined. but wherever it took place, Mill insists that the freedom is the norm, and its limitations are rationally justifiable saveions or pathology. An individual is entitled to any vices and follies, if it will not cause harm to anyone except himself. Moreover, the scope of conduct, harmless to others, in Mills explanations is much extended. If the individuals behavior provokes a moral outrage and aesthetic revulsion at the neighbors, then shrugs Mill, let them pass their feelings with themselves the freedom of public interest and public good is more important than their feelings. It could be named Mills rationalization of tolerance.One can easily agree with him that many who profess the Christian fate lack the deep knowledge of its foundation. Mill (1859) was interested To what an extent doctrines intrinsically fitted to make the deepest impression upon the mind may anticipate in it as dead beliefs, without being ever realized in the imagination, the feelings, or the understanding, is exemplified by the manner in which the majority of believers hold the doctrines of Christianity. To what end will it then be in general to profess something you have no full understanding concerning. It pertains not only to Christianity but other spheres of life.The model of the whole truth is one that is farfetched especially when considering the extent of truth in the opposing doctrines. Man is not an island and his existence knowingly or unknowingly is influenced by the existence of other people, their thoughts, activities and their way of life. It of course also freely given to man, his existence here on earth and much more especially important is also his freedom to influence his surroundings. He influences all components of his surroundings and this includes the people in it, the animals that exists in it and even the climate. If our notions will actually influence others, it will do so only when it is well grounded such that the erroneous nature of it will be near zero.In the society where the lives of men and women are being led by other men and women, there should be presence of quality and capability in these leaders. It is of course worthy and respectable the fact that leaders act, make decisions, enact laws and even enforce punishments on those they believe defaulted the law, there should also be a justifiable explanation for their actions and steps. Adequacy and competency in leaders and politics therefore not only includes actions which of course should be appropriate ones but also should include their ability to communicate their decisions, intention and even their actions to those they lead. closing curtainI agree to a great degree on the write up because of expressive power portrayed concerning the fact that truth is a coordination compound concept that takes almost eternity to completely rat ionally evaluated. It is worthy of understanding then that since governing powers, humans and group of individuals are bound to be erroneous, there is only a major demand on rationally expressing the reasons of actions, views, decisions and doctrines beyond all reasonable doubts that could arise against it.Lets remember that Darwin showed the man that he was an animal in some way. Mill explained how this animal is different from all others. Unlike other animals, man is able to manipulate by himself choose the lifestyle and create own character. But the person needs freedom of thought and action for the purpose of this natural human ability has been realized and it means that this freedom must be provided to the person as soon as possible.Thus, connecting Darwins and Mills works we see that their devil fundamental books were published almost at one time and they were two remarkable documents of emancipation of the human person, deeply connected with each other by a common theme, as is clearly seen in our time. Darwin explained individuals retrospection on the evolution stage, and John Stuart Mills traced prospects of human further development.Machizukuri in japan Overview and AnalysisMachizukuri in Japan Overview and AnalysisPlanning in Japan has existed more than a hundred years ago (Evans, 2010) and Machizukuri is one type of planning in Japan. By the beginning of 1980s, the term Machizukuri has been extensively used (Evans, 201), but its concept is claimed, to be changing from time to time and its term is often ambiguous as it is commonly used base on peoples own understanding in many different situation (Watanabe, n.d). Therefore, the origins of Machizukuri need to be explored in order to be able to determine how the concept of Machizukuri is shaped and indirectly determining the characteristics of Machizukuri that modify it from the other types of planning in Japan.Machizukuri is a type of planning which is closely related to peoples desire in creating a livable and sustainable city (Evans, 2014). It is a type of planning where the local residents work together or in cooperation with the government by doing variety of activities to make their place attractive and appropriate to live in (Evans, 2014). Machizukuri is a collaboration of two different terms Machi and Zukuri where Machi can be defined as community, but also often means minor(ip) area rather than large area and Zukuri is defined as making or planning (Watanabe, 2007). In general, Machizukuri can be understood as an get to improve or sustain the city with the involvement of the local residents in the planning. The activities of Machizukuri include from meeting, involvement of the resident in policy making and so forth (Watanabe, 2006).The terms Machizukuri is claimed by many to be vague and ambiguous because many have used it as a catchword. However, it is not until the early of 1960s, this term started to be adopted in the field of urban planning (Evans, 2010). As a n example, the term was used in Kobes municipal and ward social councils in 1965 as a slogan (Evans, 2010).However, it is very difficult to determine when and where actually Machizukuri originated, as in the past it was used often as a catchword. Watanabe (n.d) agreed with this and he pointed out that Mr. Kan Hideshima had discovered Dr Naoto Nakajima used the term Machizukuri without accompanying the actual activities in 1947, and Dr Naoto can be one example where the term Machizukuri was used as a catchword.On the contrary, Professor Shiro Masuda had used the term Machizukuri in his journal in 1952 (Watanabe, n.d). This is believed to be the earliest work that had used the term in relation its actually activity. Although he did not describe the term precisely, he used the term in relation to peoples movement. The term Machizukuri was used in his journal about Kunitachi, where at that time, was in the middle of peoples movement overdue to the turning of quiet and decent college to wn into unpleasant place for residents to live in. Some activist called their movement Machizukuri. (Watanabe, n.d) This is believed to be the birth of the term Machizukuri with refers to the activity. However, the concept of Machizukuri itself was ambiguous.In between 1960s to the end of 1970s, several factors had taken place and indirectly had helped in shaping the concept of Machizukuri (Evans, 2010). These factors are not just favor the establishment of Machizukuri but also help to develop Machizukuris concept.The first factor is the influence of the citizens movement. Citizens movement shows that the citizens are concerned and conscious about the city they lived in. This consciousness may leads to their involvement on the planning of the city, hence, resulted in Machizukuri as citizens participation is the key factor of Machizukuri (Evans, 2010). To further elaborate, in 1950s to 1960s, Japan was focusing towards the development of its economy and industries which had resulted in a dreadful pollution. This had triggered a wide environmental protest throughout Japan over the 1960s due to house shortages, traffic congestion and environmental arose that threaten residential life of the local citizen (Watanabe, 2006). The environmental movement by the local resident has indirectly led to the popularization in local participation. This movement had given way for the awareness of citizens right and growth in citizen consciousness.The second factor is the decentralization of planning powers resulted from the 1968 unsanded City Planning Act. The replacement of 1919 city planning act with 1968 new city planning act can be considered as step towards Machizukuri. This is because the new act did mark an important step for public involvement in the planning process (Ishida cited in Evans, 2010). As stated by Evans (2010) that other important features of the 1968 New City Planning Act include the introduction of public participation. By encouraging public participatio n, this will provide opportunity for Machizukuri to grow and take place.Thirdly is the slowing down of urbanization also leads to Machizukuri. This can be seen from the slowdown of urbanization due to the oil crisis in 1973, which resulted in transition of a high-growth to low-growth economy in Japan (Evans, 2010). Many changes happened after the worldwide oil crisis, this caused people to stop migrating to the city, and some went back to where they came from. According to Alden and Abe (cited in Evans, 2010), net migration to metropolitan regions of Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya was almost zero during 1975 to 1980. However, the central government introduced urban system where the local areas within a city prepare its own plan (Evans, 2010). By expectant the role this give the local to are more involve in the planning of the local area, hence may lead to Machizukuri, as its not only the government will be handling the planning the city but also the locals.These factors are mostly had giv en the opportunity for the participation of the citizens and by enterprise opportunity for citizens participation in planning, this will give chance for the Machizukuri to take place. Therefore, these kinds of events can be considered to be the main driving forces for the establishment of Machizukuri.Although Machizukuri is often seen as the involvement of citizens in the planning, it has other distinctive characteristics, which identify the actual Machizukuri. Consequently, these characteristics vary Machizukuri from other types of planning.The term machi in Japanese term according to Watanabe often opposes the large area. Furthermore, Vogt (n.d.) described Machizukuri to normally restricted to smaller scale projects such as a park, residential neighborhood and so forth. For example in Mano rule with state of only 4,739 people (Evans,2010). and also Machizukuri in Aneya lane which is a narrow 700m long street in the centre of Kyoto (Hein, 2008). This is unlike other types of plan ning which usually cover large scale such as Toshi Keikaku where according to Vogt (n.d) it deals with the improvement of city or larger parts of it. This can be said to be one of Machizukuris characteristics where it is focusing normally on a small-scale area.The change resulted from Machizukuri is often claimed to be slow and gradual. This can be demonstrates in a district called Mano. This district suffered from pollution and associate health problem in 1960s which led to formation of residents anti-pollution campaign. As a result from this Machizukuri school took place in 1970s where this school consists of lectures and workshops on topics related to residents campaign. In addition, Manos residents had drew up a machizukuri plan where it is a whole plan for Mano and consist of their vision, and ways to come upon this. Twenty years since, the appearance of Mano changed significantly. (Evans, 2010). This can also be seen on Sanjo Machizukuri, it took over 20 years for the Machizu kuri to transform a declining wholesale area to an attractive place for shopping or dining and so forth (Hein, 2008). This is another characteristic of Machizukuri, where the change is rather slow, this is due to revitalizing a local area without uprooting the local population, therefore, it is incremental.Machizukuri is also seen as a method that focusing on the soft aspects of planning unlike the traditional town planning which is more towards the hard aspect such as roads and other phyical infrastructure (Evans, 2010). Machizukuri may include the hard aspect as well but it emphasis more on soft aspect such as upgrading an area. This can be seen in Sanjos Machizukuri, Kyoto, where the centre of its commerce has an unpleasant appearance. Therefore, in this case, it focused on the economic and social renewal of Sanjo Street, and this indirectly had dealt with the environmental problem (Hein, 2008).In conclusion, Machizukuri is a concept which did not understand very well by many in the previous years. Determining the origins and identifying its characteristics helped in understanding and shaped the actual concept of Machizukuri. Although, it is difficult to really determine the actual origin of Machizukuri, but the term itself has been used since the 1940s and its concept have been shaped by several events between 1960s to 1970s. Furthermore, Machizukuri has its own characteristics, which represent its peculiarities from other planning.ReferencesEvans, N. (2010). Machi-zukuri as a new picture in Japanese urban planning reality or myth?. Japan Forum. Online 143 (2002). p. 443-464. Available from http//www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0955580022000008745 Accessed 8th work 2014Evans, N. (2014), union Planning lecture notes distributed in Urban Japan at Kings College London, London. on 6th March 2014Hein, C. (2008) Machi Neighborhood and Small Town The Foundation for Urban variety in Japan. Journal of Urban record. Online. Available from http//juh.sagepub .com/content/35/1/75 Accessed 8th March 2014.Vogt, S. (n.d.) From Toshikeikaku To Machizukuri Urban Planning In Tokyo With superfluous Reference To The Participation Of The Residents. Online. Available from http//www.linkclub.or.jp/erisa-25/kosakuin/warehouse/silke01.htm Accessed 18th April 2014Watanabe, S. J. (n.d.) The Historical Analysis of the Kunitachi Machizukuri Movement Its Nature and the Role of Professor Shiro Masuda. 15th International Planning History Society Conference. Online. Available from http//www.fau.usp.br/iphs/abstractsAndPapersFiles/Sessions/36/WATANABE.pdf Accessed 8th March 2014Watanabe, S.J. (2006) Machizukuri in Japan a historical perspective on participatory community-building initiatives, in Hein, C. and Pelletier, P. (eds) Cities, Autonomy, and Decentralization in Japan,Online London Routledge, pp.128-138. A vailable from http//web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook/bmemailprotectedsessionmgr4001vid=1format=EBrid=1 Accessed 12th March 2014Watanabe , S.J. (2007) Toshi keikaku vs machizukuri, in Sorensen, A. and Funck, C. (eds) Living Cities in Japan Citizens Movements, Machizukuri and Local Environments, Online London Routledge, pp.39-55. Available from http//web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook/bmemailprotectedsessionmgr4001vid=1format=EBrid=1 Accessed 12th March 2014

to be or not to be paraphrase :: essays research papers

excellent paraphrase I enjoyed it very much2) The question is to live or not to live. Is it more noble to back the outrageous misfortunes or to oppose those misfortunes and end my life. I wish very much to gnarl and no long-term suffer the heartaches and natural shocks that exist. When we are dead it is possible that we can no longer dream, but when we sleep we can dream. There is no reason to suffer through life for so long. Who would want to suffer all the things that are bad in life, and there is so much unrequited love, the lack of streamlined law, poor leadership. The patient man can not handle all of this and instead wants to take matters into his own hand even with a simple dagger. This would keep open the stresses that are suffered. But we do not know what awaits us in the after-life and this is what is so frightening. No one has ever returned from death and this is why it is so frightening. When we die we go someplace that we are not familiar with and join people whom we are not familiar with. This is why we are all afraid of death, and so the person who thinks about this situation does not know what to do. We are afraid of the action that we take causing death. But wait, What about Ophelia, the spirit. May my sins be remembered forever.2) before Hamlet begins his soliloquy the female monarch is speaking with Polonius, the Queen, Ophelia, and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. The King is trying to discover what exactly is wrong with Hamlet because he has been acting very strangely with everybody. The King and Queen are hoping that Ophelia and his two friends will be able to find out what is troubling him.The soliloquy itself is a summation of all of Hamlets emotions throughout the play. Hamlet knows that his father was murdered by his uncle and he wants revenge, but he doesnt know how to go about this revenge and that maybe it would be better just to die. He is terribly afflicted and torn between his emotions and his thoughts. He is also fearful, a s he says death is unfamiliar to everyone and is that what he real wants.

Let Gays Marry and Leave Marriage Alone Essay -- Andrew Sullivan Willi

I will summarize some of the key points from the act, Let Gays Marry, by Andrew Sullivan, and the essay, Leave Marriage Alone, by William Bennett. Some of these main points argon taken from mutual beliefs of some(prenominal) authors and others argon derived from the opposing opinions of the two.The first summary of Andrew Sullivans essay is a reflection of Andrew Sullivans stance of the issue. The original essay was in favor of allowing same sex marriage in the States. My summary will dictate some of the arguments that I found to be the most ingratiatory and important to Sullivans case. The second summary is of Bennetts essay, Leave Marriage Alone. I will, again, try to point out the most influential pieces of argument in the essay. Finally, I hope to synthesize these two essays, and expose some of the similarities and arguments between the two. In the synthesis, I hope to provide an incite into some of the basic ideals presented from both(prenominal) sides of the iss ue. Andrew Sullivan states his thesis in the first paragraph of his essay entitled, Let Gays Marry. They are citizens, entitled, like everyone else, to equal protection -no special rights, but simple equality(25). Sullivan is referring to a supreme court declaration, stating that homosexuals are no longer separate from the general public in America. The decision states that gay and lesbian couples have the same rights as every other American citizen.With the new openness to the gay and lesbian lifestyle, there is no longer a need for homosexuals to feel like a separate entity from society. Based on this idea, advocates of gay and lesbian marriage are campaigning towards the right of same sex unions, recognized by law. Andrew Sullivan argues that many homosexuals... ...des of this argument. Bennett and Sullivan both face the same fears and obstacles in their beliefs. Allowing same sex couples to marry would broaden the definition of marriage, and aid in the gaining of equal ity for the homosexual community in America. They are both in opposition to each other, but they both agree that America is a diverse and tolerant nation. Neither of them deny that in America everyone has rights and there exist certain, respected, and revered launchings. Bennett and Sullivan are concerned with the result of giving up a traditional way of looking at such an institution as marriage, against the right to this institution for every person in America.Works CitedLet Gays Marry, by Andrew Sullivan http//faculty.mc3.edu/barmstro/sullivan.htmlLeave Marriage Alone, by William Bennetthttp//faculty.mc3.edu/barmstro/sullivan.html

Central Themes in The Graduate Essay -- Papers Film Movie Essays

Central Themes in The Graduate The themes of loneliness, isolation and entrapment are central to the narrative of the 1967 film The Graduate. passim the film, many devices are used in order to communicate this to the audience. This list of devices includes the use of water and glass for example, which is seen in many scenes and emphasizes the isolation and entrapment of the not particularly remarkable but worthy kid who drowns amongst many objects and things passim this film. The first scene we are going to look at is the party at the starting signal of the film I find this a perfect example to look at Bens reactions and his need or desire to be alone tout ensemble the time, he doesnt like to be around that many people for too much time, or in fact no time at all. Theres a part at the beginning of this scene when we see Ben sitting alone with the lights off, but we dont realize theyre off until his father comes in and switches them on, interrupting th e silence and making Ben uncomfortable since he obviously wants to be alone. Then there are a few shots where we nominate get a glimpse of the fish tank, but more importantly, we see the scooba diver inside it. When you come to think of it, the scooba diver is always there, in the meat of the depth of the water inside the fishtank, having water and glass putting him into total isolation, trapped but always exhibited, looked at, he is subject to peoples examination. This solid thing may signify Bens both loneliness and entrapment apart from isolation that we already mentioned. Close-ups on Bens face and his gestures suggest drastically that he wants to be left alone, but his parents insist... ...normous glass which separates the bottom part of the perform from the upper floor, where the choir usually is. How often is this seen in a church? often never. Its also very ironic how Ben uses the Christian cross to keep the distance between him and Elaine a nd the rest of the people, and also how he uses it to lock them inside the church to buy them time to run away. Now its all the people who are locked behind glass, which doesnt change much since Ben (and also Elaine now) is still as isolated as before. All throughout the film we see constant use of conventional codes which reflect many different things which most times give a subconscious effect on the audience. All these devices added up together have a very strong effect, clearly emphasizing all throughout the piece loneliness, isolation and entrapment.

Edgar Allen Poe Essay -- Biography Biographies Edgar Allen Poe Essays

Edgar Allen PoeEdgar Allen Poes life was bombarded with misery, financial problems,and death but he still managed to become a world-renowned writer.Although he attended the virtually prestigious of schools he was oftenlooked over as a writer and poet during his career. His stories wereodd and misunderstood during their time. However, now they are loved aread by millions.On January 19, 1809 Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusettsat a lodging house. His parents David and Elizabeth Poe wereprofessional actors who toured with a theatrical company. On December8, 1811 his mother died of tuberculosis in Richmond, Virginia(Introduction). In July of 1810 Edgars father vanished and it isspeculated that he may have died December 11, 1811 in Norfolk,Virginia, just three days after his mothers death, but there is no account book of this. In Richmond, Edgar was now taken into the home of thesuccessful tobacco merchant, John Allan (Introduction). Edgar wasnever officially adopted but his foster parents acquired Allan intohis name. In 1815 the Allans moved to Liverpool, England aboard theLothair. While there, Edgar was sent to the finest schools, taughtevery proper accomplishment and brought up with the habits of elegantsociety (Introduction).In February of 1826 Poe entered the prestigious University ofVirginia. While there, Edgar studied ancient and modern languages and reliable honors in both subjects. Poe soon became corrupted by hispeers and learned to drink and gamble. He acquired enormous gamblingdebts that he could not pay and was forced to chair the University ofVirginia since John Allan refused to pay his tuition over the gamblingdebts. In May of 1927 Poe enlisted in the army ... ...orinflicted on his characters, and his characters mental illnesses areall ways he connects with his readers. Poes haunting descriptions andsimilarities between his life and his works draws the reader into astate of pity and sorrow while at the same times leaving them with afe eling of satisfaction.Works CitedEdgar Allan Poe. Introduction to poetry Online Chapter 14-Biography. 9 April 2003.Poe Chronology. Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore. 9 April 2003.Reuben, Paul P. Chapter 3 Early Nineteenth Century - Edgar AllanPoe. PAL Perspectives in American Literature- A Research andReference Guide. 12 April 2003Walsh, John Evangelist. Midnight Dreary The Mysterious Death of EdgarAllan Poe. New Brunswick, NJ Rutgers University Press, 1998Pattee, Fred Lewis, A.M., Litt.D. VI. The Short Story. Bartleby.com.15 April 2003.