History of Social Relations in India free essay sample

Caste and gender equations in Indian history No aspect of Indian history has excited more controversy than Indias history of social relations. Western indologists and Western-influenced Indian intellectuals have seized upon caste divisions, untouchability, religious obscurantism, and practices of dowry and sati as distinctive evidence of Indias perennial backwardness. For many Indologists, these social ills have literally come to define India and have become almost the exclusive focus of their writings on India. During the colonial period, it served the interests of the British (and their European cohorts) to exaggerate the democratic character of their own societies while diminishing any socially redeeming features of society in India (and other colonized nations). Social divisions and inequities were a convenient tool in the arsenal of the colonizers. On the one hand, tremendous tactical gains could be achieved by playing off one community against the other. On the other hand, there were also enormous psychological benefits in creating the impression that India was a land rife with uniquely abhorrent social practices that only an enlightened foreigner could attempt to reform. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Social Relations in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Indias social ills were discussed with a contemptuous cynicism and often with a willful intent to instill a sense of deep shame and inferiority. Strong elements of such colonial imagery continue to dominate the landscape of Western Indology. A liberal, dynamic West embracing universal human values is posed against an obdurate and unchanging East clinging to odious social values and customs. It is little wonder, therefore, that Indias intellectuals have been unable to either fully understand the historic dynamics and context which gave life to these social practices or find effective solutions for their cure. Many historians and social activists appear to have tacitly accepted the notion that caste divisions in society are a uniquely Indian feature and that Indian society has been largely unchanged since the writing of the Manusmriti which provides formal sanction to such social inequities. But caste-like divisions are neither uniquely Indian nor has Indian society been as socially stagnant as commonly believed. In all non-egalitarian societies where wealth and political power were unequally distributed, some form of social inequity appeared and often meant hereditary privileges for the elite and legally (or socially) sanctioned discrimination against those considered lower down in the social hierarchy. In fact, caste-like divisions are to be found in the history of most nations whether in the American continent, or in Africa, Europe or elsewhere in Asia. In some societies, caste-like divisions were relatively simple, in others more complex. For instance, in Eastern Africa some agricultural societies were divided between land-owning and landless tribes (or clans) that eventually took on caste-like characteristics. Priests and warriors enjoyed special privileges in the 15th C. Aztec society of Mexico as did the Samurais (warrior nobles) and priests of medieval Japan. Notions of purity and defilement were also quite similar in Japanese society and members of society who carried out unclean tasks were treated as social outcasts just as in India. Amongst the most stratified of the ancient civilizations was the Roman Civilization where in addition to state-sanctioned slavery, there were all manner of caste-like inequities coded into law. Even in the Christian era, European feudalism provided all manner of hereditary privileges for the knights and landed barons (somewhat akin to Indias Rajputs and Thakurs) and amongst the royalty, arranged marriages and dowry were just as common as in India. Discrimination against the artisans was also commonplace throughout Europe, and as late as the 19th century artisans in Germany had to go through a separate court system to seek legal redress. They were not permitted to appeal to courts that dealt with the affairs of the nobility and the landed gentry. For instance, Beethoven wrote numerous letters to German judicial authorities pleading that he not be treated as a second-class citizen that as Germanys pre-eminent composer he deserved better treatment. ) A common pattern that seems to emerge from a study of several such ancient and medieval societies is that priests and warriors typically formed an elite class in most medieval societies and social privileges varied according to social rank; in settled agriculture based societies, this was usually closely related to ownership of land. For instance, we find no evidence of caste-like discrimination in societies where land was collectively owned and jointly cultivated, or where goods and services were exchanged within the village on the basis of barter, and there was no premium assigned to any particular type of work. All services and all forms of human labor were valued equally. Such village communes may have once existed throughout India and some appear to have survived until quite recently especially in the hills, (such as in parts of Himachal and the North East, including Assam and Tripura), but also in Orissa and parts of Central India. In such societies, we also see little evidence of gender discrimination. In India, caste and gender discrimination appear to become more pronounced with the advent of hereditary and authoritarian ruling dynasties, a powerful state bureaucracy, the growth of selective property rights, and the domination of Brahmins over the rural poor in agrahara villages. But this process was neither linear nor always irreversible. As old ruling dynasties were overthrown, previously existing caste equations and caste hierarchies were also challenged and modified. In many parts of India this process may have taken several centuries to crystallize and caste rigidity may be a much more recent phenomenon than has been commonly portrayed. The impression that caste divisions were always strictly enforced, or that there were no challenges to caste rigidity does not seem to square with a dispassionate examination of the Indian historical record. It should also be emphasized that caste-distinctions were not the only way, or even the most egregious way in which social inequities manifested themselves in older societies. In ancient Greece and Rome, the institution of slavery was at least as cruel a practice, if not worse. (It is therefore quite ironic how the slave-owning Greek states are revered by Western intellectuals as the worlds first democratic societies but ancient India is denigrated for its incomprehensible social ills. ) Levels and degree of caste discrimination in India have varied with time and there has been both upward and downward mobility of castes and social groups. Going by the strictures outlined in the Manusmriti, one might conclude that caste distinctions were set in stone, rigidly enforced and the possibilities of caste mobility completely circumscribed. But a closer examination of the historical record suggests otherwise. Already in the Upanishadic period there were tensions between Brahmins and Kshatriyas, and there are explicit parables in the Upanishadic texts illustrating how an enlightened Kshatriya was able to exceed a Brahmin in spiritual wisdom and philosophical knowledge. In the Mahabharatha, there are references to a Brahmin warrior suggesting that caste categories were not entirely inflexible. There is also criticism of parasitism amongst Brahmins in some of the texts from the Upanishadic period, and social commentators emphasized how those who reneged on their social obligations were undeserving of their caste privileges. This is an important point because it suggests that there was an implied social contract that involved both privileges and social obligations. The monarch might have enjoyed immense power and prestige, and exacted numerous rights over the common people, but also had the obligation to defend the people to protect them from invaders, to dispense justice in an unprejudiced manner and assist in the development and preservation of irrigation facilities and roads. Failure to meet such expectations could and did lead to revolts, and dynasties rose and fell within a matter of few generations. Challenges to Brahminical hegemony and caste-rigidity In the Upanishads, there is also recognition that conceptions of god could be quite varied, that Brahminical rituals were not essential to spiritual release, and that individuals might choose different deities or methods of worship. This ecumenical outlook facilitated the growth of alternative viewpoints not only in the realm of religious practice but also on norms of how society ought to be structured. Social challenges to absolute monarchical rule and the immense power of the priestly class probably led to a crescendo during the Buddhist period when Brahmin hegemony received challenges from several quarters from radical atheists such as the Lokayatas, from Jain agnostics, and heterodox Hindus and Buddhists who wanted to reconstruct society on a less discriminatory and more humane basis. Although it would be wrong to romanticize the Buddhists as being completely against caste distinctions {since there is evidence that they accepted caste distinctions in society outside their sanghas (communes)}, Buddhists along with other social critics undoubtedly played a powerful role in ensuring that caste was not the sole or even the dominant factor in shaping Indian society of that period. This is borne out by how so many ruling clans arose from a non-Kshatriya (and also non-Brahmin) background. The Nandas, the Mauryas, the Kalingas and the Guptas are just some of the more illustrious of Indias ruling dynasties that did not arise from a Kshatriya background. (Of course, once some of these clans established themselves as ruling dynasties, they took on the Kshatriya mantle, and over time, the radical changes that accompanied their ascent to power gave way to social conservatism and a decaying of the radical currents that had contributed to their rise to power). It is also worth noting that the classical four varna division of Hindu society (as described in the Manusmriti) does not appear to have had much practical significance if one were to go by the accounts of the Greek chronicler, Megasthenes. In his accounts of Mauryan India. Megasthenes appears to list a seven fold social order in which he differentiates between the priest and the philosopher (who he ranked much above the priest, and who could have been a Brahmin, Jain or Buddhist) and also gives special attention to court bureaucrats such as record keepers, tax collectors and judicial officials. He also ascribed to the peasantry a higher status than might be inferred from the Manusmriti and noted with amazement how the peasantry was left unharmed during battles. According to Megasthenes, philosophers whether Brahmins or Jain/Buddhist monks also had obligations in terms of offering advice to the ruler in matters of public policy, agriculture, health and culture. Repeated failure to provide sound counsel could lead to a loss of privileges even exile or death. Thus, although many Brahmins may have held on to their privileges by being shameless sycophants others made significant contributions in the realm of science, philosophy and culture. Social mobility was possible since learning was not an exclusive preserve of the Brahmins and both the Buddhist and Jain sanghas admitted people from different social backgrounds and also admitted women. (Jyotsna Kamat points to a Karnataka inscription from 1187 A. D. hat suggests that Jain nuns enjoyed the same amount of freedom as their male counterparts. ) The more advanced sanghas enforced a separate quorum for women to ensure that a largely male gathering may not take decisions that did not meet with the approval of the women members of the sangha. Over time, it appears that the sanghas degenerated, losing their intellectual vitality and egalitarian spirit allowing the Brahmins to gradually consolidate their power and influence in the Gangetic plain. But even as late as the 6th-7th C, Gupta-period inscriptions describing land grants in Bengal appear to corroborate Megasthenes view of how Indian society was structured. Social rank of senior court administrators (who may have risen from different caste backgrounds) invariably exceeded the rank of ordinary village priests. (In Orissa, Rajasthan and parts of Central and Southern India, this pattern prevailed till even later. Moreover, as society headed towards aste-ossification, it was the court administrators who after acquiring hereditary caste status, became the most privileged agents in society. In some instances, these administrative castes simply merged with other privileged castes such as Brahmin or Kshatriya, or else they were treated as equivalent, and the historic distinctions between then became blurred or obscured. ) In a sampling of Gupta period land grant decrees, it is intriguing that caste identities are omitted more often than explicitly included. Had caste been as i mportant or dominant a social category, one might expect otherwise. Some of the most important figures appear to be officials involved in tax collection and land measurement. Various ranks of officials are mentioned without any explicit mention of their caste. Villagers are also frequently named without reference to their cast. Only occasionally, there are references to villagers who are also mentioned as being Brahmins. Some of the land grant records indicate that before land grants were made, certain categories of villagers perhaps those considered more important were consulted by the higher officials. Although Brahmins are mentioned in the list of those consulted, there are equal references to other categories of villagers such as kutumbins and mahattaras who may have been village officials or important landholders in the village. {Vishwa Mohan Jha (see ref. below) describes the kutumbins and mahattaras as varna/jati nuetral categories (i. e. caste-independent categories) that included Brahmins and non-Brahmins alike. } Other references point to consultative committees that included the chief artisan, the chief scribe, the merchant and the guild-president of the town. It also appears that administrative changes led to the creation of new posts, the merger or elimination of older posts, and changes in ranks of various officials over time. An examination of the land grant decrees over a space of three centuries (5th-7th C Bengal) points to such changes and others such as changes in procedures, or changes in the constitution of consultative committees, perhaps to reflect changing political alliances or changes in the economic status of different groups of townspeople and villagers. In a land allotment plate from Paschimbagh (Bengal) Brahmins are mentioned as tax payers, and the status of ordinary Brahmins does not seem at all exceptional. For instance, it points to a teacher or a Vedic scholar as being entitled to 10 patakas of land, but other Brahmins were entitled to only 2 patakas a share less than that of a Kayastha (record-keeper) or Vaidya (medical practitioner). Carpenters, smiths and artisans were also put far above other service communities in terms of their share of land. The Paschimbagh inscription also describes the grant of plots of land to florists, potters, carpenters, masons, blacksmiths and sweepers for serving a matha (monastery) indicating that when land was granted for a temple or monastery, priests were not the exclusive beneficiaries of land grants. (Two Bhaumakara charters from Talcher/Dhenkanal in Orissa similiarly refer to donations of land for a Buddhist temple, and allocations for its maintenance. ) A study of land grants from 12th C Rajasthan (Pali) and Karnataka (Kalikatti) suggests that land grants had a limited life tenure even when initially decreed to be for life or for perpetuity. Beneficiaries of land grants were subject to transfers, and grants to a particular beneficiary were transferred to another beneficiary five or ten years later. It also appears that the beneficiaries were selected based on administrative rank rather than any particular caste-affiliation. It is also not at all apparent that administrative rank was limited by birth. In Orissa, there is explicit evidence to the contrary. Ordinary peasants were able to rise up in the ranks of the military, and it is likely that a similar situation prevailed in the administrative ranks. Mayadhar Mansinha (see ref. below) suggests that a combination of factors such as training, merit and personal determination played a role, (in addition to social standing and political connections) in determining rank and promotions. In Karnataka, there is evidence that some of the chief administrators were women. (See Jyotsna Kamat, ref. provided below) Brahminical Ascendance Nevertheless, the seeds for a more privileged role for the Brahmins were also being sown through the process of land grants to Brahmins. In some instances, thousands of Brahmins were granted rights to hitherto uncultivated land. In other cases, Brahmins were appointed as the local representatives of the state authorities in what are described as agrahara villages where Brahmins presided over small peasants, who in Bihar were mostly landless sharecoppers or bonded labourers. These agrahara villages were typically small villages and sattelites of bigger villages that included members of several castes and bigger land-holders. In Bihar, such agrahara villages proliferated and it is quite likely that in such agraharas oppressive social relations and some of the most egregious patterns of caste-centred discrimination and exploitation may have developed. (While early Gupta period records indicate the existence of rural consultative councils that mediated between the rulers and the artisans and peasants, it seems that such consultative councils became less important or were phased out with the growth of the agraharas. Thereafter, the Brahmins became the sole intermediaries between the village and the state, and over time, this may have enabled the Brahmins to exercise social and political hegemony over other inhabitants of the village. It also appears that the greatest incidence of the practice of untouchability occurs in conjunction with the growth in the power and authority of the Brahmins in such villages. ) But these developments took time to spread elsewhere in India, first spreading to Bengal and eastern UP, and very gradually elsewhere in India. However, this pattern was not necessarily replicated in identical form throughout India and some parts of India virtually escaped this trend. In agrahara villages in other parts of India, Brahmins did take on the role of local administrators and tax collectors, but the status of the small peasantry was not always as miserable as in Bihar. The degree of exploitation and oppression appears to be related to the extent of alienation from land-ownership. For example, evidence for Brahmin domination in Kalikatti, Southern Karnataka emerges after the 13th C. hen villagers were instructed to pay taxes to the Brahmin assignees, leading to constant tensions and disputes, but without dramatic changes in the overall status of the tax-paying villagers. Although Brahminization was an important factor in leading to caste ossification, it was not necessarily the sole or even the most important factor in the mix. The impact of the Islamic invasions, colonization by the British and ecological changes played an equally crucial if not decisive role in many instances. For instance, in Orissa, the ossification of the bureaucracy and its conversion into a group of privileged and exclusive castes appears to take place after the 14th-15th C. when we begin to see a general decline in its overseas trade due to the silting up of its rivers. At the same time, we see the growth of Brahminical hegemony in the realm of religion and military defeats at the hands of the Mughal armies led by Raja Man Singh of Jaipur. All these factors may have played a role in destroying the vibrancy of Oriya society and encouraging caste conservatism. See the essay on the History of Orissa for more on this subject. ) Impact of the Islamic Invasions Unfortunately, many social historians have studiously ignored the effect of such external factors in the shaping of social relations in India. But we know that the Islamic invasions led to monumental changes in the political and cultural life of the sub-continent and especially so in the Gangetic plain so it would be exceedingly od d if the invasions had no impact on the social structure of Indian society. While some social analysts have tried to analyze Hindu society during the period of Islamic rule as though it had been untouched by the Islamic invasions and left to stagnate in a cocoon of its own making, others have succumbed to illusory simplifications such as Islam was an egalitarian faith whereas Hinduism had caste divisions. Because Islam first arose in those parts of the world where settled agriculture was not possible i. e. in the desert sands of the Arabian peninsula social divisions had not yet emerged in quite the same way that they had in long settled agricultural societies like India. For the warring nomadic tribes of the desert, Islam may have been a tool for the upward mobility of clans that may have earlier survived on petty thievery and by raiding the wealth of settled urban societies (and later for those who joined the ranks of the military in the Islalmic states), the upward mobility of some came at the expense of enormous human rights violations against others. In the hands of expansionist conquerors, Islam became more an instrument of devastation and terror rather than a vehicle for social equality or social justice. Taken in its entirety, the period of Islamic rule in India cannot be seen as furthering social equity or social harmony in the subcontinent. As a faith-based ideological system Islam could at best guarantee equality before God i. e. equality after death. However, a closer study of the Quran dispels even such notions, for even amongst believers, there is gender discrimination and rank based on the quality and type of service provided to the Islamic cause. In any case, on earth, the plight of Muslim converts depended more on social realities, on political equations than on the abstract and remote promise of equality offered by Islam. During times of heavy political and economic oppression, the only option for the poor was complete and total submission to the will of God which in effect meant sacrificing all their autonomy in favor of the clergy, (who rarely challenged political authority), and more often than not, were largely beholden to the rulers who chose to support and promote them. When the clergy did resist political authority, it often tended towards social conservatism and reaction rather than social progress. By and large, social inequities widened with the onset of Islamic rule in the sub-continent. Land revenue records clearly indicate that with few exceptions (as in Kashmir and Bengal for a time), Islamic rulers taxed the peasantry at significantly higher rates. If the average rate of taxation during the pre-Islamic period varied between 10% to a maximum of 20% averaging around 15-16%, it had increased to 33% or even more under the Mughals. Note that even the Manusmriti limited the tax rate on the peasantry to one-sixth about 16%) While all Islamic rulers may not have insisted on the discriminating jaziya, many of the earlier invaders insisted upon it, and more than one court chronicler of the Delhi Sultanate describes the violent means taken to suppress peasant rebellions and extract the high taxes from the crushed peasantry. Urban revolts were also n ot uncommon and the Arab chronicler Ibn Batuta mentions how such rebellions were suppressed with great cruelty. Punishment for those who rebelled could mean loss of adults (particularly young women) and children to slavery, massacres or forced evacuations of entire villages and small towns, pillage and destruction of places of learning, of temples and other symbols of cultural identification, and denial of job opportunities in the courts. In the early centuries of Islamic rule, the distrust of the locals was so intense that virtually all the important administrative positions were kept in the hands of foreigners. Romila Thapar has pointed out that prior to the Islamic invasions, Hindu rulers also invaded or pillaged the temples of their rivals, especially since these temples were repositories of great wealth. She has also indicated that the management of some of these rich temples was extremely corrupt. Plunder of temple wealth was definitely a factor in the destruction of such temples during raids and attacks by Islamic invaders and conquerors. However, during the Islamic invasions, this prac tice accelerated both in frequency and intensity. It should also be noted that not all temples were storehouses of great wealth or under the management of corrupt Brahminical trusts. The majority of temples had considerable cultural significance for the local populations and many were built and maintained by non-Brahminical cults. For instance, in Bundelkhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, there are a sizable number of surviving temples that not only escaped the path of the Islamic invaders, but were obviously left untouched in local battles between rival Hindu kings. There are even scattered remains from the Gupta period. But in the Gangetic plain, virtually nothing from the regions pre-Islamic past has survived. Clearly, there were important political dimensions to the destruction of Northern Indias cultural wealth. One might speculate that the political subjugation of a reluctant and possibly even hostile population required the physical elimination of cultural symbols that instilled pride and self-confidence, and thus threatened the authority of the alien rulers. In any case, the smashing of facial features, genitalia and breasts on sculpted figures has no parallel to earlier practices. There is also little evidence that those defeated in battle were killed or enslaved on the scale of what happened during the Islamic invasions. ) For instance, the Afghanistan region (which once had a sizeable Hindu and Buddhist population) acquired the reputation of being a land where Hindus were slaughtered and hence took the name Hindu-Kush, and references to wanton destruction occur with boastful regularity in the records of the triumphant conquerors. However, in the Gangetic plain the Hindu population was essential in maintaining the tax base for the rulers and therefore, it was only necessary to break the autonomy of the Hindu population and crush their resistance to higher taxation. This was largely achieved through the almost complete destruction of older centres of culture and learning, burning of libraries such as in Nalanda and Vikramshila, the widespread conversion of Buddhists to Islam, and violent acts of reprisal against those who resisted. One of the most deleterious effects of the Islamic invasions on social relations in India was the practice of slavery, which was introduced on a scale hitherto unseen in the subcontinent. Unlike the societies of the East, slavery appears to have played an important role almost throughout the history of the Western world and the Quran has passages that endorse the practice of slavery. During the Islamic period, in sub-Saharan Africa, slaves labored in the salt mines and copper mines and served as a vital link in the trans-Saharan trade routes acting as porters where camels and donkeys could not go. Scott Levi (Univ. of Wisconsin) points to judicial documents of medieval Samarqand (and other Central Asian sources) that disclose the presence there of many thousands of Indian slaves throughout the medieval period. A number of Indian sources make it clear that, from the early Ghaznavid raids to the Mughal period, hundreds of thousands (if not millions over the centuries) of men, women and children were marched over to the slave markets in Iran and Central Asia, i. e. beyond the northwest frontier of India, and out of the reach of their familial support systems. Although state sanctioned slavery came to an end with the dawn of the Christian era in Europe, a slave-owning replica of ancient Rome arose in the American South, and slaves were employed throughout the Caribbean and South America. The Portuguese were notorious for their slave-markets in India. Even as slavery was banned in Europe, the European trading companies made huge profits from the slave trade. Slavery was not a pract ice confined to the Islamic parts of the world. ) The practice of slavery probably led to the growth in the custom of Jauhar and Sati amongst the military castes. Prior to the Islamic invasions, there are very few records to indicate that such practices were widely followed. But the onslaught of the Islamic invaders had led to a complete breakdown in the implementation of war ethics. Whereas in earlier wars, it was required of both sides to protect the peasantry, to leave women, children and the elderly at peace, and there were injunctions against the enslavement of prisoners or of harming those who surrendered in battle the invaders had few if any compunctions in unleashing all manner of torments on the defeated population. In such an environment, it is not surprising that for the proud Rajput societies, the act of jauhar, or mass suicide was a more honorable option. (It should be noted that such acts of mass or individual suicide are not unknown elsewhere in the world. Sometimes these acts were voluntary (as was usually emphasized in the Indian tradition), at other times they were entirely coerced. Amongst the Vikings, it was customary for a warriors young concubines to join the funeral pyres of dead Viking warriors. In ancient Nubia (upper Sudan and lower Egypt) there are records of mass suicide upon the death of a warrior king and Nubian burials of warriors indicate practices quite similiar to Jauhar / Sati . There are also parallels in the Japanese tradition of Harakiri'(suicide for honour) or Sepukku amongst the Samurai warrior nobles of Japan. Voluntary suicide of widows (although rare) also took place in China during the reign of the Qing dynasty. There are also records of the Celts and the Romans practicing human sacrifice. Amongst the Aztecs of the 15th C, the custom of human sacrifice of the defeated does not appear to have any voluntary character, and was seen as a legitimate rite in the celebration of a victory in war. Western feminist indologists who see the practice of Sati as a unique form of gender oppression peculiar to India might note that in the Christian world, the scourge of witch-burning was a far more dangerous threat to the lives of women. The mere charge of being a witch could lead to public hanging, and the Salem-witch trials in America were part of a long chain of witch-burnings that took place throughout Christian Europe and carried over into New England) Nevertheless, Islamic rule in India did not prevail entirely without benefits for specific social classes who chose to collaborate with the invaders. Trading communities probably benefited from the installation of Islamic rulers whose policies of lower taxes on trade, and state support of local traders and financiers was in their interest. Scott Levi suggests that from the end of the thirteenth century, and throughout much of the Delhi Sultanate period, the Muslim nobility were dependent upon heavily capitalized indigenous banking firms (identified in the Tarikh-i Firuz Shahi as Sahs and Multanis). These domestic financiers loaned seeds and other necessary inputs to peasants and village-artisans and manufacturers (such as textile weavers) in return for a share of the produce. The rest they bought in cash, and a part of that cash was then recovered by the state treasuries through taxation. It should also be noted that, (by and large), Islamic rulers born and raised in India relied less on violence and sheer terror, but sought alliances with sections of the local population, especially with those amongst the Hindu elite who were willing to collaborate. Although some of these alliances were coerced, others led to tangible material benefits for the royal collaborators. Alliances were forged through marriage, or simply from political convenience. Military alliances with Hindu rulers were crucial in maintaining the power of many Islamic rulers. After Akbar, the Mughals relied heavily on the Jaipur and Bikaner Rajputs, who in return were given rights to a share of the taxes extracted from the Gangetic plain. And although Hindus were numerically discriminated in jobs at the courts, by skillfully playing off different caste communities against one another, the Mughals were able to win over a section of the Hindus in maintaining their position of political preeminence. Hence, it would be wrong to see the many centuries of Islamic rule in India purely from the prism of religious antagonisms. But it would be equally wrong to see the long period of rule by Islamic-identified rulers (even those that were born in India) as entirely benevolent or benign, or no different from the rule of earlier Hindu kings. Since most were heavier taxers, the distance between the ruling elites and the peasant and artisan masses tended to widen and there were other aspects of Islamic rule (particularly during the rule of the more oppressive Sultanates) that limited social mobility. For many of the Islamic rulers, the Brahmin dominated agraharas were highly suited to efficient tax collection and the might of the Sultanates came down very heavily on social challenges that weakened the ability of the state to collect taxes. The fear of enslavement and the denial of equal access to job opportunities in the Sultanate courts led to Hindu society becoming extremely inward-looking in large parts of the plains. With opportunities or jobs in the administrative ranks shrinking, caste loyalties were in all likelihood strengthened, not weakened. Thus, rather than shake up the caste system as some might expect, Islamic rule (by foreign invaders who distrusted the locals) may have actually helped in its crystallization. Neither is there any evidence that Islamic rule helped end the practice of untouchability. (In fact, the problems of untouchability and caste-discrimination are especially notable in states like UP and Bihar where Islamic rule held complete sway for five centu ries. In Sindh and Western Punjab, where almost the entire population was converted to Islam, it is important to observe that janitorial workers were never converted, and to this date remain a highly oppressed and discriminated group. There is also evidence that Muslims developed their own versions of caste. Romila Thapar points out how foreign-origin Muslims such as Syeds, Sheiks and Ashrafs kept themselves consciously apart from Muslims who came from artisan and peasant backgrounds. Language was another divider. In Bijapur district, the elite Muslims spoke Urdu whereas the ordinary Muslims spoke Kannada. Zarina Bhatty in an essay on Social stratification among Muslims describes caste differentiation amongst Ashraf and non-Ashraf Muslims and notions of impurity that closely parallel caste cleavages and attitudes in Hindu society. Sandra Mackey in the Caste/Class System in Iran describes patterns of social differentiation remarkably similiar to Indias. Also see note below) Over time, Islamic rule in India created a much stronger and more unified elite, which made it more difficult for the ordinary masses to resist regressive social changes, particularly in the realm of philosophical choice, religious pluralism, regional and local autonomy in matters of religion, gender equity, freedom of sexual expression and sexual orientation. For instance, prior to the arrival of Islam, women enjoyed greater freedom of movement and dress. 1th C chronicler of Indian life, Al-Biruni expresses puzzlement at how the Hindu men (of Punjab) took the advice of the women in all consultations and emergencies. But in a matter of few centuries, Islamic notions of gender separation and sexual prudery had infected Hindu households as well. A weaker version of the Purdah system and a more conservative dress code became the custom even in Hindu homes, especially so amongst those of the trading community that had frequent contacts with Muslims. Although in sime passages, the Quran states that their ought to be no compulsion in matters of religion, in other passages, the Quran leaves no doubt that force and coercion are acceptable in furthering Islamic practice. Consequently, the practice of Islam conformed more to the passages advicating force and coercion. In Mali, the Tunisian chronicler Ibn Batuta noted that children who were neglectful in learning the Quran were put in chains until they had it memorized. Regarding India, he commented how newly converted peasants had a very lackadaisical attitude towards attending regular prayers and how the Imams had to cane non-attendees to force attendance. He also describes how he personally led a battle against the reluctance of women to cover their breasts in the Maldives. In the Indian tradition, moral codes concerning dress were more in keeping with the natural environment. Clothes were light and simple, consistent with the generally hot climate. And in matters of religion, there was greater diversity, and much more personal choice. It was often up to the devotee to visit a temple at a time of his or her choosing. Which deity to worship involved an element of local choice and different jatis might worship different deities. Local versions of the epics such as the Ramayana and the Krishna-Leela were popularized and recent research points to hundreds of different versions in circulation. Unlike in Islam, pilgrimages were undertaken under less pressure and with greater individual volition. Al-Biruni also noted how the Hindus were remarkably flexible and willing to change customs and traditions they no longer felt to be relevant or essential.

Minimum Quantity Lubrication Essays

Minimum Quantity Lubrication Essays Minimum Quantity Lubrication Essay Minimum Quantity Lubrication Essay ABSTRACT Metal cutting fluids changes the performance of machining operations because of their lubrication, cooling, and chip flushing functions. Typically, in the machining of hardened steel materials, no cutting fluid is applied in the interest of low cutting forces and low environmental impacts. Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) presents itself as a viable alternative for hard machining with respect to tool wear, heat dissertation, and machined surface quality. This study compares the mechanical performance of minimum quantity lubrication to completely dry lubrication for the turning of hardened bearing-grade steel materials based on experimental measurement of cutting forces, tool temperature, white layer depth, and part finish. The results indicate that the use of minimum quantity lubrication leads to reduced surface roughness delayed tool flank wear, and lower cutting temperature, while also having a minimal effect on the cutting forces. Minimum quantity lubrication. doc (Size: 2. 7 MB / Downloads: 63) password:seminarprojects CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The growing demand for higher productivity, product quality and overall economy in manufacturing by machining and grinding, particularly to meet the challenges thrown by liberalization and global cost competitiveness, insists high material removal rate and high stability and long life of the cutting tools. But high production machining and grinding with high cutting velocity, feed and depth o f cut are inherently associated with generation of large amount of heat and high cutting temperature. Such high cutting temperature not only reduces dimensional accuracy and tool life but also impairs the surface integrity of the product. In high speed machining conventional cutting fluid application fails to penetrate the chip–tool interface and thus cannot remove heat effectively. Addition of extreme pressure additives in the cutting fluids does not ensure penetration of coolant at the chip–tool interface to provide lubrication and cooling . However ,high-pressure jet of soluble oil, when applied at the chip–tool interface, could reduce cutting temperature and improve tool life to some extent . However, the advantages caused by the cutting fluids have been questioned lately, due to the several negative effectsthey cause. When inappropriately handled, cutting fluids may damage soil and water resources, causing serious loss to the environment. Therefore, the handling and disposal of cutting fluids must obey rigid rules of environmental protection. On the shop floor, the machine operators may be affected by thebad effects of cutting fluids, such as by skin and breathing problems For the companies, the costs related to cutting fluids represent a large amount of the total machining costs. Several research workers state that the costs related to cutting fluids are frequently higher than those related to cutting tools. Consequently, elimination on the use of cutting fluids, if possible, can be a significant economic incentive. Considering the high cost associated with the use of cutting fluids and projected escalating costs when the stricter environmental laws are enforced, the choice seems obvious. Because of them some alternatives has been sought to minimize or even avoid the use of cutting fluid in machining operations. Some of these alternatives are dry machining and machining with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). Dry machining is now of great interest and actually, they meet with success in the field of environmentally friendly manufacturing . In reality, however, they are sometimes less effective when higher machining efficiency, better surface finish quality and severe cutting conditions are required. For these situations, semi-dry operations utilizing very small amount of cutting fluids are expected to become a powerful tool and, in fact, they already play a significant role in a number of practical applications . inimum quantity lubrication (MQL) refers to the use of cutting fluids of only a minute amount- typically of a flow rate of 50–500 ml/h which is about three to four orders of magnitude lower than the amount commonly used in flood cooling condition. The concept of minimum quantity lubrication, sometimes referred to as near dry lubrication or micro-lubrication , has been sugges ted since a decade ago as a mean of addressing the issues of environmental intrusiveness and occupational hazards associated with the airborne cutting fluid particles on factory shop floors. The minimization of cutting fluid also leads to economical benefits by way of saving lubricant costs and work piece/tool/machine cleaning cycle time. Significant progress has been made in dry and semidry machining recently, and minimum quantity lubrication(MQL) machining in particular has been accepted as a successful semi-dry application because of its environmentally friendly characteristics. Some good results have been obtained with this technique . Lugscheider et al. sed this technique in reaming process of gray cast iron and aluminum alloy with coated carbide tools and concluded that it caused a reduction of tool wear when compared with the completely dry process and, consequently, an improvement in the surface quality of the holes. The drilling of aluminum–silicon alloys is one of those processes where dry cutting is impossible due to the high ductility of the work piece material. Without cooling and lubrication, the chip sticks to the tool and breaks it in a very short cutting time. There fore, in this process a good alternative is the use of the MQL technique The present work experimentally investigates the role of minimum quantity lubrication on cutting temperature, chip reduction coefficient and dimensional deviation in plain turning of AISI-1040 steel at different speed-feed combinations by uncoated carbide insert and compares the effectiveness of MQL with that of dry machining and conventional cutting fluid. CHAPTER 2 EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS AND PROCEDURE For the present experimental studies, AISI-1040 steel rod of initial diameter 110mm and length 620mm was plain turned in a BMTF Lathe, Bangladesh, 4 hp by uncoated carbide insert of integrated chip breaker geometry at different speed-feed combinations under dry, wet and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions to study the role of MQL on the machinability characteristics of that work material mainly in respect of cutting temperature, chip reduction coefficient and dimensional deviation. The experimental conditions are given in Table 1. Machine tool BMTF Lathe, Bangladesh, 4 hp Work piece AISI-1040 steel (size: O110mm? 620 mm) Cutting tool (insert) Cutting insert Carbide, SNMM 120408 (P-30 ISOspecification), Drillco Tool holder PSBNR 2525M12(ISO specification), Working tool geometry ? 6? , ? 6? , 6? , 6? , 15? , 75? , 0. 8 (mm) Cutting velocity, Vc 64, 80, 110 and 130 m/min Feed rate, So 0. 10, 0. 13, 0. 16 and 0. 20 mm/rev Depth of cut, t 1. 0mm MQL supply: Air 7 bar, Lubricant: 60 ml/h (throughexternal nozzle) Environment: Dry, wet (flood cooling) and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) Table2. 1 Experimental conditions The ranges of the cutting velocity (Vc) and feed rate (So) were selected based on the tool manufacturer’s recommendation and industrial practices. The depth of cut was kept constant since it has much less significant role on the machining characteristics excepting the magnitude of the cutting forces, which simply increase proportionally with the increase in depth of cut. The MQL needs to be supply at high pressure and impinged at high speed through the nozzle at the cutting zone. Considering the conditions required for the present work and uninterrupted supply of MQL at constant pressure over a reasonably long cut, a MQL delivery system has been designed, fabricated and used. The schematic view of the MQL set up is shown in Fig. 1. The thin but high velocity stream of MQL was projected along the auxiliary cutting edge of the insert, as indicated in a frame within Fig. 1, so that the coolant reaches as close to the chip–tool and the work–tool interfaces as possible . The photographic view of the experimental set-up is Figure 2. 1 Experimental setup Figure2. 1Block diagram of MQL The MQL jet has been used mainly to target the rake and flank surface along the auxiliary cutting edge and to protect the auxiliary flank to enable better dimensional accuracy . MQL is expected to provide some favorable effects mainly through reduction in cutting temperature. The simple but reliable tool–work thermocouple technique has been employed to measure the average cutting temperature during turning at different Vc–So combinations by the uncoated carbide insert under dry, wet and MQL conditions. For the present investigation, the calibration of the tool–work thermocouple has been carried out by external flame heating. The tool–work thermocouple junction was constructed using a long continuous chip of the concerned work material and a tungsten carbide insert to be used in actual cutting. To avoid generation of parasitic emf, a long carbide rod was used to extend the insert. A standard K-type thermocouple is mounted at the site of tool–work junction. The oxy-acetylenetorch simulated the heat generation phenomena in machining and raised the temperature at the chip–tool interface. Standard thermocouple directly monitored the junction temperature when a digital multimeter monitored the emf generated by the hot junction of the chip–tool. The effect of MQL on average chip–tool interface temperature at different Vc and So under dry, wet and MQL conditions is shown in Fig. 3. The chip samples collected while turning the steel by the insert of configuration SNMM at different Vc–So combinations under dry, wet and MQL condition have been visually examined and categorized with respect to their shape and color. The result of such categorization of the chips produced at different conditions and environments by the AISI-1040 steel. The actual forms of the chips produced during machining the steel with a cutting velocity 110 m/min and feed 0. 6 mm/rev under dry, wet and MQL conditions is shown in Fig. 4. Another important machinability index is chip reduction coefficient, ? (ratio of chip thickness after and before cut). For given tool geometry and cutting conditions, the value of ? depends upon the nature of chip–tool interaction, chip contact length and chip form all of which are expected to be influenced by MQL in addition to the levels of Vc and So. The variation in value of ? with Vc and So as well as machining environment evaluated for AISI-1040 steel have been plotted and shown in Fig. 5. The deviations in the job diameter before and after cuts were measured by a precision dial gauge with a least count of 1_m, which was traveled parallel to the axis of the job . MQL provided remarkable benefit in respect of controlling the increase in diameter of the finished job with machining time as can be seen in Fig. 6. Fig. 3. Variations in average chip–tool interface temperature with cutting velocity and feed rate during turning under dry, wet and MQL conditions CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION During machining any ductile materials, heat is generated at the primary eformation zone, secondary deformation zone and the flank (clearance) surfaces, but the temperature becomes maximum at the chip–tool interface. The cutting temperature measured in the present work r efers mainly to the average chip–tool interface temperature. Any cutting fluid applied conventionally cannot reduce this chip–tool interface temperature effectively because the fluid can hardly penetrate into that the interface where the chip–tool contact is mostly plastic in nature particularly at higher cutting velocity and feed. However, MQL jet could have reduced the cutting temperature quite significantly though in different degrees for different cutting velocity and feed combinations as can be seen in Fig. 3. The presence of the grooves along the cutting edges and the hills on the tool rake surface and reduced chip–tool contact length may have helped the MQL jet to come closer to the chip–tool interface and thus effectively cool that interface. The difference in the effectiveness of MQL observed under different Vc and So can be reasonably attributed to variation in the nature and extent of chip–tool contact with the changes in Vc and So. The pattern of chips in machining ductile metals generally depend upon the mechanical properties of the work material, tool geometry particularly rake angle, levels of Vc and So, nature of chip–tool interaction and the cutting environment . In absence of chip breaker, length and uniformity of chips increase with the increase in ductility and softness of the work material, tool rake angle and cutting velocity unless thechip–tool interaction is adverse causing intensive friction and built-up edge formation. Table 3. Shape and co lour of chips at different vc and so condition It shows that the steel when machined under dry and wet conditions produced spiral type chips and the color of the chips become blue. The geometry of the insert is such that the chips first came out continuously got curled along normal plane and then hitting at the principal flank of the insert broke into pieces with regular size and shape. When machined under MQL the form of these ductile chips chang e appreciably into more or less half turn and their back surface appeared much brighter and smoother. This indicates hat the amount of reduction of temperature and presence of MQL enabled favorable chip–tool interaction and elimination of even trace of built-up edge formation. The color of the chips have also become much lighter, i. e. metallic from blue depending upon Vc and So due to reduction in cutting temperature by MQL. The actual forms of chips produced during turning at cutting velocity 110 m/min and feed 0. 16 mm/rev under dry, wet and MQL condition as can be seen in Fig. 4. Figure 3. 1 shape of chips at different condition Fig. 4. Actual forms of chips produced during turning at cutting velocity 110 m/min and feed 0. 6 mm/rev under (a) dry, (b) wet and  © MQL conditions. Almost all the parameters involved in machining have direct and indirect influence on the thickness of the chips during deformation. The degree of chip thickening which is assessed by chip reducti on coefficient, ? plays sizeable role on cutting forces and hence on cutting energy requirements and cutting temperature. Fig. 5 shows that MQL has reduced the value of ? particularly at lower values of Vc and So. Figure. 3. 2. Variation in chip reduction coefficient, ? , with cutting velocity and feed rate during turning under dry, wet and MQL conditions. By MQL application, ? s reasonably expected to decrease for reduction in friction at the chip–tool interface and reduction in deterioration of effective rake angle by built-up edge formation and wear of the cutting edge mainly due to reduction in cutting temperature . MQL provided remarkable benefit in respect of controlling the increase in diameter of the finished job with machining time as can be seen in Fig. 6. Figure. 3. 3. Dimensional deviations observed after one full pass under dry, wet and MQL conditions In straight turning, the finished job diameter generally deviates from its desired value with the progress of mac hining, i. e. long the job-length mainly for change in the effective depth of cut due to several reasons which include wear of the tool nose, over all compliance of the machine–fixture–tool–work (M–F–T–W) system and thermal expansion of the job during machining followed by cooling. Therefore, if the M–F–T–W system is rigid, variation in diameter would be governed mainly by the heat and cutting temperature . With the increase in temperature the rate of growth of auxiliary flank wear and thermal expansion of the job will increase. MQL takes away the major portion of heat and reduces the temperature yielding reduction in dimensional deviation desirably CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of the present experimental investigation the following conclusions can be drawn: The cutting performance of MQL machining is better than that of conventional machining with flood cutting fluid supply. MQL provides the benefits mainly by reducing the cutting temperature, which improves the chip–tool interaction and maintains sharpness of the cutting edges. Due to MQL, the form and color of the steel chips became favorable for more effective cooling and improvements in nature of interaction at the chip–tool interface. Dimensional accuracy improved mainly due to reduction of wear and damage at the tool tip by the application of MQL. CHAPTER 5 REFERENCES [1] M. C. Shaw, J. D. Pigott, L. P. Richardson, Effect of cutting fluid upon chip–tool interface temperature, Trans. ASME 71 (1951) 45–56. [2] S. Paul, N. R. Dhar, A. B. Chattopadhyay, Beneficial effects of cryogenic cooling over dry and wet machining on tool wear and surface finish in turning AISI-1060 steel, in: Proceedings of the ICAMT- 2000, Malaysia, 2000, pp. 209–214. [3] C. Cassin, G. Boothroyed, Lubrication action of cutting fluids, J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 7 (1) (1965) 67–81. 4] M. Mazurkiewicz, Z. Kubala, J. Chow, Metal machining with high pressure water-jet cooling assistance- a new possibility, J. Eng. Ind. 111 (1989) 7–12. [5] A. Alaxender, A. S. Varadarajan, P. K. Philip, Hard turning with minimum cutting fluid: a viable green alternative on the shop floor, in: Proceedings of the 18th AIMTDR, 1998, pp. 152–155. [6] M. Sokovic, K. Mijanovic, Ecological aspects of the cutting fluids and its influence on quantifiable parameters of the cutting processes, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 109 (12) (2001) 181–189. [7] F. Klocke, G. Eisennblatter, Dry cutting, Ann. CIRP 46 (2) (1997) 519–526. 8] G. Byrne, E. Scholta, Environmentally clean machining processes- a strategic approach, Ann. CIRP 42 (1) (1993) 471–474. [9] F. Klocke, G. Eisenblatter, Coated tools for metal cutting-features and applications, Ann. CIRP 48 (2) (1999) 515–525. [10] U. Heisel, M. Lutz, Application of minimum quantity cooling lubrication technology in cutting processes, Prod. Eng. II (1) (1994) 49–54. [11] J. W. Sutherland, An experimental investigation of air quality in wet and dry turning, Ann. CIRP 49 (1) (2000) 61–64. sa Reference: seminarprojects. com/Thread-minimum-quantity-lubrication#ixzz1TMka1daG

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These institutions were a composed of debt-slavery, punishment for crime, the enslavement of prisoners of war, child abandonment, and the birth of slave children to slaves. slavery in Ancient Greece started from Mycenaean Greece. Twenty percant of the population of Classical Athens were slaves. The men are become slaves by nature call as natural slavery ,it is accepted by the Aristotle. after the Roman Republic expanding outward, the enslaved become pominant these are consist of Europe and the Mediterranean. Greeks, Illyrians, Berbers, Germans, Britons, Thracians, Gauls, Jews, Arabs, and many more were slaves used not only for labour, but also for amusement. The late Republican era, slavery had become a vital economic pillar in the wealth of Rome and very significant part of Roman society. over 25% of the population of Ancient Rome was enslaved. 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Middle East The Islamic world is become a centre of acecient slave trade, it is centre of collection slave and distribution them to central asia and Europe. Zanzibar was once East Africas main slave-trading port, and under Omani Arabs in the 19th century as many as 50,000 slaves were passing through the city each year. between 11 and 18 million African slaves crossed the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Sahara Desert from 650 AD to 1900 AD. Europe Approximately 10-20% of the rural population of Carolingian Europe consisted of slaves. The trade of slaves in England was made illegal in 1102. Slavery in Poland was forbidden in the 15th century; in Lithuania, slavery was formally abolished in 1588; they were replaced by the second serfdom. According to Robert Davis between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as slaves in North Africa and Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries. 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A slave market for captured Russian and Persian slaves was centred in the Central Asian khanate of Khiva. there were an estimated 8 million or 9 million slaves in India in 1841. Slavery was abolished in both Hindu and Muslim India by the Indian Slavery Act V. of 1843. In Istanbul about one-fifth of the population consisted of slaves.[83] abolished slavery in China in 1906, and the law became effective in 1910. Slave rebellion in China at the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century was so extensive that owners eventually converted the institution into a female-dominated one.The Nangzan in Tibetan history were, according to Chinese sources, hereditary household slaves. Indigenous slaves existed in Korea. During the Joseon Dynasty about 30% to 50% of the Korean population were slaves. In Southeast Asia, a quarter to a third of the population of some areas of Thailand and Burma were slaves. Americas the Mercado de Escravos, the first slave market created in Portugal for the sale of imported African slaves opened in 1444. in 1552 up to10 percent of the population of Lisbon consist of black African slaves. In the second half of the 16th century, European trade in African slaves shifted from import to Europe to slave transports directly to tropical colonies in the Americas. Spain had wider Atlantic slave trade. The Spanish colonies were the earliest Europeans to use African slaves in the New World on islands such as Cuba and Hispaniola,The first African slaves arrived in Hispaniola in 1501. England played a prominent role in the Atlantic slave trade. the profits of the slave trade and of West Indian plantations amounted to 5% of the British economy at the time of the Industrial Revolution. The Transatlantic slave trade peaked in the late 18th century, when the largest number of slaves were captured on raiding expeditions into the interior of West Africa. These expeditions were typically carried out by African kingdoms, such as the Oyo empire ,the Ashanti Empire, the kingdom of Dahomey, and the Aro Confederacy. Europeans rarely entered the interior of Africa, due to fierce African resistance. The slaves were brought to coastal outposts where they were traded for goods. An estimated 12 million Africans arrived in the Americas from the 16th to the 19th centuries. An estimated 645,000 were brought to what is now the United States. The usual estimate is that about 15 per cent of slaves died during the voyage, with mortality rates considerably higher in Africa itself in the process of capturing and transporting indigenous peoples to the ships. The largest number of slaves were shipped to Brazil. Although the trans-Atlantic slave trade ended shortly after the American Revolution, slavery remained a central economic institution in the Southern states. By 1860, 500,000 slaves had grown to 4 million. The plantation system, based on tobacco growing in Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky, and rice in South Carolina, expanded into lush new cotton lands in Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi-and needed more slaves. But slave importation became illegal in 1808. Although complete statistics are lacking, it is estimated that 1,000,000 slaves moved west from the Old South between 1790 and 1860. Most of the slaves were moved from Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas. Michael Tadman, in a 1989 book Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South, indicates that 60-70% of interregional migrations were the result of the sale of slaves. In 1820 a child in the Upper South had a 30% chance to be sold south by 1860. ultimately the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in December 1865, which ended legalized slavery in the United States. Contemporary slavery Conditions that can be considered slavery include debt bondage, indentured servitude, serfdom, domestic servants kept in captivity, adoption in which children are effectively forced to work as slaves, child soldiers, and forced marriage. Current situation Slavery still exists, although in theory it has now been outlawed in all countries. Mauritania abolished it in law in 1981 and was the last country to do so see Abolition of slavery timeline. Enslavement is also taking place in parts of Africa, in the Middle East, and in South Asia. In June and July 2007, 570 people who had been enslaved by brick manufacturers in Shanxi and Henan were freed by the Chinese government. Among those rescued were 69 children. In 2008, the Nepalese government abolished the Haliya system of forced labour, freeing about 20,000 people. An estimated 40 million people in India, most of them Dalits or untouchables, are bonded workers, working in slave-like conditions in order to pay off debts. In Brazil more than 5,000 slaves were rescued by authorities in 2008 as part of a government initiative to eradicate slavery. In Mauritania alone, it is estimated that up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are enslaved with many used as bonded labour. Slavery in Mauritania was criminalized in August 2007. In Niger, slavery is also a current phenomenon. A Nigerian study has found that more than 800,000 people are enslaved, almost 8% of the population.According to the U.S. Department of State, more than 109,000 children were working on cocoa farms alone in CÃ ´te dIvoire (Ivory Coast) in the worst forms of child labor in 2002. Poverty has forced at least 225,000 children in Haitis cities into slavery as unpaid household servants, called reste avec (French: stay with). In 2005, the International Labour Organization provided an estimate of 12.3 million forced labourers in the world,. Siddharth Kara has also provided an estimate of 28.4 million slaves at the end of 2006 divided into the following three categories: bonded labour/debt bondage (18.1 million), forced labour (7.6 million), and trafficked slaves (2.7 million).[164] Kara provides a dynamic model to calculate the number of slaves in the world each year, with an estimated 29.2 million at the end of 2009. Abolitionism The Slave Trade Act was passed by the British Parliament on 25 March 1807, making the slave trade illegal throughout the British Empire, and the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. Between 1808 and 1860, the British West Africa Squadron seized approximately 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard. In 1833 the BritishParliament decreed an end to slavery throughout the British Empire, and on August 1, 1834, the British Emancipation Act came into effect. After January 1, 1808, the importation of slaves into the United States was prohibited, but not the internal slave trade, nor involvement in the international slave trade externally. Legal slavery persisted; and those slaves already in the U.S. would not be legally emancipated for nearly 60 years. The American Civil War, beginning in 1861, led to the end of slavery in the United States. In 1863 Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed slaves held in the Confederate States; the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1865) prohibited slavery throughout the country. On December 10, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which declared freedom from slavery is an internationally recognized human right. Human trafficking Trafficking in human beings is one method of obtaining slaves. Victims are typically recruited through deceit or trickery sale by family members, recruitment by former slaves, or outright abduction. Victims are forced into a debt slavery situation by coercion, deception, fraud, intimidation, isolation, threat, physical force, debt bondage or even force-feeding with drugs of abuse to control their victims. In last decade every government in the world are taken various steps to controlling human smuggling and trafficking. In 2000, united states introduce trafficking victim protection act (TVPA) for the protection of children and woman. according to the Palermo protocol focus to the global community combating the human trafficking. 3. Organizational spread Human smuggling has various form of organize way and various with individual effort to internationally organized manner. Reasons for human smuggling human smuggling is due to the various reasons are embedded. In generally extreme poverty, lack of economic opportunity, civil unrest and political uncertainty are the core determinant of human smuggling. Poverty The poor living condtion and poor income lead to the illegal migration. the economic unrest and propoverty group are willig to illigale migration. in 1994 economic crisis in Mexico, and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was associated with widespread poverty and a lower valuation for the peso relative to the dollar. It lead to the start of a massive Mexican emigration, in which net illegal migration to the US increased every year from the mid-1990s until the mid 2000s. Overpopulation overpopulation is a Population growth that exceeds the carrying capacity of an area. it cause problems such as pollution, water crisis, and poverty. World population has grown from 1.6 billion in 1900 to an estimated 6.7 billion today. In Mexico alone, population has grown from 13.6 million in 1900 to 107 million in 2007.it is cause to the increase of emigration. Family reunification Some illegal immigrants seek to live with loved ones, such as a spouse or other family members. Family reunification visas may be applied for by legal residents or naturalized citizens to bring their family members into a destination state legally, but these visas may be limited in number and subject to yearly quotas. This may force their family members to enter illegally to reunify. Mexican national to emigrate illegally to the US increases dramatically if they have one or more family members already residing in the United States, legally or illegally. Wars and asylum Illegal immigration may be prompted by the desire to escape civil war or repression in the country of origin. Non-economic push factors include persecution, frequent abuse, bullying, oppression, and genocide, and risks to civilians during war. Political motives traditionally motivate refugee flows to escape dictatorship for instance. According to its estimates, the number of unauthorized Colombian residents in the United States almost tripled from 51,000 in 1990 to 141,000 in 2000. According to the US Census Bureau, the number of authorized Colombian immigrants in the United States in 2000 was 801,363. El Salvador is another country which experienced substantial emigration as a result of civil war and repression. The largest per-capita source of immigrants to the United States comes from El Salvador. Types of human smuggling human smuggling are classified in various ways. It can be Border crossing Immigrants from nations that do not have automatic visa agreements, or who would not otherwise qualify for a visa, often cross the borders illegally in some areas like the United States-Mexico border, the Mona Channel between the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, the Strait of Gibraltar, Fuerteventura, and the Strait of Otranto. Because these methods are illegal, they are often dangerous. Would-be immigrants have been known to suffocate in shipping containers, boxcars, and trucks, sink in shipwrecks caused by unseaworthy vessels, die of dehydration or exposure during long walks without water. An official estimate puts the number of people who died in illegal crossings across the U.S.-Mexican border between 1998 and 2004 at 1,954 Human smuggling is the practice of intermediaries aiding illegal immigrants in crossing over international borders in financial gain, often in large groups. Human smuggling differs from, but is sometimes associated with, human trafficking. A human smuggler will facilitate illegal entry into a country for a fee, but on arrival at their destination, the smuggled person is usually free. Trafficking involves a process of using physical force, fraud, or deception to obtain and transport people. Overstaying a visa Some illegal immigrants enter a country legally and then overstay or violate their visa. For example, most of the estimated 200,000 illegal immigrants in Canada are refugee claimants whose refugee applications were rejected but who have not yet been ejected from the country. A related way of becoming an illegal immigrant is through bureaucratic means. For example, a person can be allowed to remain in a country or be protected from expulsion because he/she needs special pension for a medical condition, deep love for a native, or even to avoid being tried for a crime in his/her native country,without being able to regularize his/her situation and obtain a work and/or residency permit, let alone naturalization, Hence, categories of people being neither illegal immigrants nor legal citizens are created, living in a judicial no mans land. Trafficking is a profitable and the fastest growing criminal industry in the world. It is the second largest criminal activity, following the drug trade. Bonded labor- it is known labor trafficking today and the most widely used method of enslaving people. Victims become bonded laborers for repayment for a loan or service. the terms and conditions have not been defined or in which the value of the victims services as reasonably assessed is not applied toward the liquidation of the debt. The value of their work is greater than the original sum of money borrowed. Forced labor- victims are forced to work against their own will, under the threat of violence or some other form of punishment, their freedom is restricted and a degree of ownership is exerted. Men are at risk of being trafficked for unskilled work, which globally generates $31bn according to the International Labor Organization. Forms of forced labor can include domestic servitude; agricultural labor; sweatshop factory labor; janitorial, food service and other service industry labor; and begging. Sex trafficking- victims are found in dire circumstances and easily targeted by traffickers. Individuals, circumstances, and situations vulnerable to traffickers include homeless individuals, runaway teens, displaced homemakers, refugees, and drug addicts. Trafficked people are the most vulnerable and powerless minorities in a region. victims are consistently exploited from any ethnic and social background. Traffickers, also known as pimps or madams, exploit vulnerabilities and lack of opportunities, while offering promises of marriage, employment, education, and/or an overall better life. However, in the end, traffickers force the victims to become prostitutes or work in the sex industry. Various work in the sex industry includes prostitution, dancing in strip clubs, performing in pornographic films and pornography, and other forms of involuntary servitude. Child labor -it is likely to be hazardous to the physical, mental, spiritual, moral, or social development of children and can interfere with their education. The International Labor Organization estimates worldwide that there are 246 million exploited children aged between 5 and 17 involved in debt bondage, forced recruitment for armed conflict, prostitution, pornography, the illegal drug trade, the illegal arms trade, and other illicit activities around the world. 4. Present status According to U.S. Government estimates, 600,000 to 800,000 victims are trafficked worldwide every year and 14,500 to 17,500 are trafficked into the United States. Women and children are became largest group of victims. Trafficking victims are frequently physically and psychologically abused. Global human trafficking rotes Source:-International organization for migration 1996 5. Issues human smuggling has a multidimensional effect on the society. It has individual impact as well as social impact. It have effect on original country as well as migrated country. Slavery After the end of the legal international slave trade by the European nations and the United States in the early 19th century, the illegal importation of slaves has continued. Although not as common as in Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America, some women are undoubtedly smuggled into the United States and Canada. People have been kidnapped or tricked into slavery to work as laborers in factories. Those trafficked in this manner often face additional barriers to escaping slavery, since their status as illegal immigrants makes it difficult for them to gain access to help or services. Burmese women trafficked into Thailand and forced to work in factories or as prostitutes may not speak the language and may be vulnerable to abuse by police due to their illegal immigrant status. Some people forced into sexual slavery face challenges of charges of illegal immigration. Each year there are several hundred illegal Immigrant deaths along the U.S.-Mexico border. Death by exposure occurs in the deserts of Southwestern United States during the hot summer season. a). Social cultural impact on human smuggling The flows of the illegal migration are common in the migration happen in low social economic condition area to well socio economic condition area. That is commonly in developing countries to developed countries in international arena. It is mainly due the peoples are expected well socio economic condition and living opportunities in the new migrant area. According to the U.S. Department of State in a 2008 research, approximately 800,000 people are trafficked across national borders, which does not include millions trafficked within their own countries. Approximately 80 percent of transnational victims are women and girls and up to 50 percent are minors. While the majority of victims are women, and sometimes children, who are forced into prostitution victims also include men, women and children who are forced into manual labour. Due to the illegal nature of human trafficking, its exact extent is unknown. A U.S. Government report published in 2005, estimates that 600,000 to 800,000 people worldwide are trafficked across borders each year. This figure does not include those who are trafficked internally. Another research effort revealed that between 1.5 million and 1.8 million individuals are trafficked either internally or internationally each year. sex trafficking victims are 500,000 to 600,000 in each year. b). Economic impact, The weighted average global sales price of a slave is calculated to be approximately $340, with a high of $1,895 for the average trafficked sex slave, and a low of $40 to $50 for debt bondage slaves in part of Asia and Africa. Worldwide slavery is a criminal offense but slave owners can get very high returns for their risk. According to researcher Siddharth Kara, the profits generated worldwide by all forms of slavery in 2007 were $91.2 billion. That is second only to drug trafficking in terms of global criminal enterprises. The weighted average annual profits generated by a slave in 2007 was $3,175, with a low of an average $950 for bonded labor and $29,210 for a trafficked sex slave. Approximately forty percent of all slave profits each year are generated by trafficked sex slaves, representing slightly more than 4 percent of the worlds 29 million slaves. Economists have attempted to model during which circumstances slavery appear and disappear. One observation is that slavery becomes more desirable for land owners when land is abundant but labour is not, so paid workers can demand high wage. The maintains slavery was a profitable method of production, especially on bigger plantations growing cotton that fetched high prices in the world market.. Slavery is more common when the labour done is relatively simple and thus easy to supervise, such as large scale growing of a single crop. It is much more difficult and costly to check that slaves are doing their best and with good quality when they are doing complex tasks. Therefore, slavery was seen as the most efficient method of production for large scale crops like sugar and cotton, whose output was based on economies of scale. The total annual revenue for trafficking in persons is estimated to be between USD$5 billion and $9 billion. The Council of Europe states, People trafficking has reached epidemic proportions over the past decade, with a global annual market of about $42.5 billion. The United Nations estimates nearly 2.5 million people from 127 different countries are being trafficked around the world. Economic model Under the basic cost/benefit argument for illegal immigration, potential immigrants believe the probability and benefits of successfully migrating to the destination country are greater than the costs. These costs may include restrictions living as an illegal immigrant in the destination country, leaving family and ways of life behind, and the probability of being caught and resulting sanctions. Proposed economic models, based on a cost/benefit framework, have varying considerations and degrees of complexity. Neoclassical model The neoclassical economic model looks only at the probability of success in immigrating and finding employment, and the increase in real income an illegal immigrant can expect. This explanation would account for the economies of the two states, including how much of a pull the destination country has in terms of better-paying jobs and improvements in quality of life. It also describes a push that comes from negative conditions in the home country like lack of employment or economic mobility. Neoclassical theory also accounts for the probability of successful illegal emigration. Factors that affect this include as geographic proximity, border enforcement, probability and consequences of arrest, ease of illegal employment, and chances of future legalization. This model concludes that in the destination country, illegal workers tend to add to and compete with the pool of unskilled laborers. Illegal workers in this model are successful in finding employment by being willing to be paid lower wages than native-born workers are, sometimes below the minimum wage. Economist George Borjas supports aspects of this model, calculating that real wages of US workers without a high school degree declined by 9% due to competition from illegal immigrant workers. Gordon Hanson and Douglas Massey have criticized the model for being oversimplified and not accounting for contradictory evidence. Trade liberalization In recent years, developing states are pursuing the benefits of globalization by joining decline to liberalize trade. But rapid opening of domestic markets may lead to displacement of large numbers of agricultural or unskilled workers, who are more likely to seek employment and a higher quality of life by illegal emigration. This is a frequently cited argument to explain how the North American Free Trade Association may have impoverished Mexican farmers who were unable to compete with the higher productivity of US subsidized agriculture, especially for corn. NAFTA may have also unexpectedly raised educational requirements for industrial jobs in Mexico, Structural demand in developed states Douglas Massey argues that a bifurcating labor market in developed nations creates a structural demand for unskilled immigrant labor to fill undesirable jobs that native-born citizens do not take, regardless of wages. This theory states that postindustrial economies have a widening gap between well-paying, white-collar jobs that require ever higher levels of education and human capital, which native-born citizens and legal immigrants can qualify to take, and bottom-tier jobs that are stigmatized and require no education. These underclass jobs include harvesting crops, unskilled labor in landscaping and construction, house-cleaning, and maid and busboy work in hotels and restaurants, all of which have a disproportionate number of illegal workers. Since the decline of middle-class blue-collar jobs in manufacturing and industry, younger native-born generations have chosen to acquire higher degrees now that there are no longer respectable blue-collar careers that a worker

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Missouri DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE Driver Guide In memory of those who have given their lives in the line of duty on Missouri roads. Revised August 2011 Table of Contents Chapter 1 — The Missouri Driver License and the Graduated Driver License Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 8 †¢ Types of Permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 †¢ Types of Licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 †¢ Requirements to Obtain Your License or Permit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 †¢ Required Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 †¢ Social Security Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 †¢ Fees for Permits/Licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 †¢ Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 †¢ Endorsements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 †¢ Renewing a License or Permit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 †¢ Other Information About Your Driver License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 †¢ Suspension/Revocation of Your License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 †¢ The Graduated Driver License (GDL) Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 †¢ Step One: Instruction Permit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 †¢ Step Two: Intermediate License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 †¢ Step Three: Full (Under 21) License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 †¢ A Checklist for You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Chapter 2 — The D river Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 23 †¢ The Driver Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 †¢ Where to Take the Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 †¢ Proof of Name and Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 †¢ Written Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 †¢ Vision Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 †¢ Road Sign Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 †¢ Driving Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 †¢ Your Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 †¢ Failing the Driving Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 †¢ Fraud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Chapter 3 — Pavement Markings, Traffic Signs, Lights, and Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 28 †¢ Pavement Markings on the Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 †¢ Meanings of Pavement Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 †¢ Direction of Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 †¢ No Passing Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 †¢ Left-Turn Lanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 †¢ Crosswalks and Stop Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 †¢ Dual Use Lanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 †¢ Reversible Express Lanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 †¢ Shared Center Lanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 1 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ No Lane Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Traffic Officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Traffic Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Flashing Light Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Traffic Control Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Lane Use Control Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Traffic Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Sign Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Warning Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Regulatory Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Stop Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Yield Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Wrong Way Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Do Not Enter Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Lane Control Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Speed Limit Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Railroad Crossing Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Work Zone Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Guide Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Service Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Route Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Emergency Reference Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Roundabout Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Chapter 4 — Rules of the Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 43 †¢ Right-Of-Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 †¢ Passing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 †¢ Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 †¢ Emergency Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 †¢ School Buses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 †¢ Hand and Vehicle Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 †¢ Turns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 †¢ U-Turns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 †¢ Right Turns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 †¢ Left Turn s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 †¢ One-Way Street Onto a Two-Way Street . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 †¢ Two-Way Street Onto a One-Way Street . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 †¢ Two-Way Street Onto a Two-Way Street . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 †¢ Multiple Left Turn Lanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 †¢ Two-Way Left Turn Lanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 †¢ Roundabout Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 †¢ City/County Ordinances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Chapter 5 — Parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 49 †¢ No-Parking Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 2 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ When Can You Park in Handicapped Parking Spaces? . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 International Symbol of Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Parking on Hills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Parallel Parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Chapter 6 — Highway Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 52 †¢ Drive in the Proper Lane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 †¢ Controlling Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 †¢ Passing on Highways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 †¢ Being Passed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 à ¢â‚¬ ¢ Adjusting to Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 †¢ Be Aware of the Traffic Around You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 †¢ Slow Moving Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 †¢ Stopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 †¢ Controlled Access Highways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 †¢ Entering the Highway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 †¢ Leaving the Highway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 †¢ Interchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 †¢ Watch out for â€Å"Highway Hypnosis† . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 †¢ Stop Driving When You Feel Sleepy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 †¢ Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Chapter 7 — Sharing The Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 57 †¢ Sharing the Road with Motorcycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 †¢ Sharing the Road with Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 †¢ Sharing the Road with Pedestrians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 †¢ Sharing the Road with Mopeds and Bicycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 †¢ Funeral Processions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 †¢ Road Rage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 †¢ Drunk Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 †¢ About Littering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Chapter 8 — Safe Driving Tips For Everyday Driving . . . . . . . . Page 65 †¢ Use Seat Belts and Child Restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 †¢ Seat Belts — It's the Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 †¢ Child Passenger Restraint Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 †¢ Age/Weight/Height Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 †¢ Defensive Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 †¢ Proper Posture While Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 †¢ Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 †¢ Following Other Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 †¢ Three Second Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 †¢ Space Behind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 †¢ Space to the Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 †¢ Stopping Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 3 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢Average Stopping Distance of Cars on Dry Level Pavement . . . . . . . . . 68 Letting Others Know What You are Doing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Signal When You Change Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Using Your Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Slow Poke Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Carbon Monoxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Chapter 9 — Safe Driving Tips For Special Driving Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 71 †¢ Night Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 †¢ Winter Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 †¢ Wet Pavement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 †¢ Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 †¢ Skidding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 †¢ Fog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 †¢ Handling Vehicle Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Chapter 10 — Be in Shape to Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 76 †¢ Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving †¢ Administrative Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 †¢ Court Convicted Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 †¢ Missouri’s Abuse and Lose Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 †¢ Minor in Possession (MIP) and Other Alcohol Offenses . . . . . . . . . .79 †¢ Proof of Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 †¢ Refusal to Submit to a Chemical Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 †¢ Ignition Interlock and Reinstatement Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Chapter 11 — The Point System and How It Affects You . . . . . .Page 81 †¢ Racking Up Points: The Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 †¢ How Points Come Off Your Driving Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 †¢ Other Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 †¢ Driving While Suspended or Revoked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 †¢ Failure to Appear in Court (FACT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Chapter 12 — Vehicle Titling and Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 84 †¢ Titling Your Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 †¢ What You Need to Get a Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 †¢ Vehicles Bought in Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 †¢ Vehicles Bought Out-of-State (not in Missouri) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 â⠂¬ ¢ Properly Assigned Titles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 †¢ Salvage Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 †¢ Odometer Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 †¢ Registering Your Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 †¢ What You Need to Register Your Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 †¢ Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 †¢ Selling a Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 †¢ Stolen License Plates and Tabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 †¢ Lost or Destroyed Title, Plates, or Tabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 4 †¢ Missouri License Plate Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 †¢ Personalized Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Chapter 13 — Mandatory Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 88 †¢ The Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 †¢ Minimum Coverage Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 †¢ Maintaining Your Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 †¢ Failure to Keep Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 †¢ Failure to Pay for Damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 †¢ Accidents and Crashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 †¢ Filing an Accident Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Chapter 14 — Safety and Emissions Inspections and Required Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 92 †¢ Safety Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 †¢ Exceptions to the Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 †¢ Equipment Needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 †¢ Other Equipment Required by Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 †¢ Emissions Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 †¢ Exceptions to the Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Chapter 15 — Commercial Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 96 †¢ Size Limitations (Without Special Permit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 †¢ Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 †¢ Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 †¢ Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 †¢ Exemptions From Size Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 †¢ Weight Limitations (Without Special Permit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 †¢ Maximum Weight on Any Single Axle†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 †¢ Maximum Weight on Any Tandem Axle. †¦. Pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 †¢ Maximum Gross Weight†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 †¢ Overdimension and Overweight Permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 †¢ Vehicle Route Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 †¢ Federal Motor Carrier Safety Reg ulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 †¢ Transporting Hazardous Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 †¢ Emergency Equipment and Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 †¢ Information on Commercial Motor Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 †¢ Following Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 †¢ Railroad Crossing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 †¢ Load Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 †¢ Off-Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 †¢ Weigh Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 †¢ Tailgaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 †¢ Space Overhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 5 †¢ Soft Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 †¢ Space to Cross or Enter Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Sample Test Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 102 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 109 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 112 Contact Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 115 NOTE: The state motor vehicle laws described in this manual are not reproduced in their entirety and the wording is not identical. Due to possible federal and state law changes and Department of Revenue (department) policy, the information in this manual may not always be current. The department will make every effort to incorporate any changes as soon as possible.The Missouri Driver Guide is published by the Missouri Department of Revenue. Revised August 2011 6 Carefully studying the Missouri Driver Guide will increase your driving confidence and broaden your knowledge of Missouri traffic laws. The more knowledge you have, the safer you are! To test your knowledge of traffic laws, you will need to take a written test of 25 multiple-choice questions. Studying this guide will prepare you for that test. You must correctly answer 20 questions to pass the test. All of the test questions come directly from information found in this guide. There are no â€Å"trick† questions.To test your ability to drive a vehicle, you must take a driving skills test. Your examiner realizes a driving test will probably be an unusual experience for you, and you might even become nervous or uneasy. If you do be come nervous or fearful, please remember your examiner has accompanied many other people exactly like you, and the examiner rides with you only to make sure you can control your vehicle and observe the rules of safety. Your examiner will not try to trick you in any way. Remember that thousands of people pass this test every year and become licensed drivers. If they can do it, so can you! Just relax and do the best you can.We would like to hear your comments and questions about the material included in this manual: Address: Driver License Bureau P. O. Box 200 Jefferson City, MO 65105-0200 Telephone: (573) 751-2730 Fax: (573) 522-8174 E-Mail: [email  protected] mo. gov Web Site: www. dor. mo. gov The names and telephone numbers of other related agencies and offices are located inside the back cover of this guide. If you need a Missouri Commercial Driver License Manual or Motorcycle Operator Manual, you may request one from the Missouri State Highway Patrol, or any Motor Vehicle and Driver Licensing Contract Office (contract office).The Missouri Commercial Driver License Manual and the Motorcycle Operator Manual are also posted on our web site: www. dor. mo. gov. 7 CHAPTER 1 — THE MISSOURI DRIVER LICENSE Anyone who operates a motor vehicle or motor-driven cycle on public roadways in Missouri is required to have a valid driver license. You may obtain a Missouri driver license at any one of Missouri’s 183 license offices. You must have a Missouri driver license if: †¢ You live in Missouri, are 16 years of age or older, and plan to drive. †¢ You are a new resident of Missouri and want to drive, even if you have a driver license from another state. You are an out-of-state commercial driver who has moved to Missouri within the last 30 days. (Please refer to the Missouri Commercial Driver License Manual. ) Certain persons are not required to obtain a Missouri driver license. You do not need a Missouri driver license if: †¢ You are a membe r of the armed forces and you have a valid driver license from your home state. †¢ You are a full-time student and you have a valid driver license from your home state. †¢ You operate or temporarily operate/move any farm tractor or implement on a highway for agri-related purposes.You are required to carry your driver license or permit when you drive. If any law enforcement officer asks to see your driver license or permit, you must present it. It is against the law for you to allow anyone else to use your license or permit. TIP! Anyone obtaining a new license or permit or renewing a license or permit is required to show verification of name, date of birth, place of birth, social security number, and Missouri residential address. These requirements are explained in detail later in this chapter. TYPES OF PERMITS If you are under 21 years of age, you will be issued a permit identifying you as a minor.Instruction Permit — Eligible Age: 15 This is the first step in Misso uri's Graduated Driver License Program for young drivers. Generally, this permit allows a young person to learn to drive with the supervision of a licensed adult. See later in this chapter for detailed information. Motorcycle Instruction Permit — Eligible Age: 15? or 16 You may apply for a motorcycle instruction permit to learn to operate a motorcycle or motortricycle. The age you are eligible to apply may be 15? or 16 years, as described below. †¢ 15? years of age (15 years and 182 days)The Motorcycle Instruction Permit will only be issued if you have successfully completed an approved motorcycle rider training course. 8 You must pass the Class F and Class M written, vision, and road sign tests. You must also have the written consent of your parent or legal guardian. This permit allows daylight driving only, within a 50-mile radius of home, a motorcycle of no larger than 250 cc, and no passengers. †¢ 16 years of age or older If you are 16 years old or older you may apply for a motorcycle instruction permit, but the motorcycle rider training course is not required.If you do not have a valid driver license, you must take the Class F and Class M written tests to receive a motorcycle instruction permit. When you are ready, you may take the motorcycle driving test and pay the appropriate fee to become motorcycle qualified. For more information on Missouri’s laws on motorcycles, please obtain a copy of the Motorcycle Operator Manual at the Missouri Highway Patrol testing station or at one of our license offices. TYPES OF LICENSES If you are under 21 years of age, you will be issued a license identifying you as a minor.When you reach age 21, you may apply and pay for another driver license (without the minor indication) or wait until your under-21 license expires. Intermediate License (Class F) — Eligible Age: 16 This is the second step in Missouri's Graduated Driver License program for young drivers. Generally, this license allows a y oung person certain restricted driving privileges. See later in this chapter for detailed information. Full Driver License (Class F) — Eligible Age: 18 This is the basic driver license, also called an operator license.You must have a Class F license to operate any motor vehicle (other than one requiring you to have a Class A, B, C, or E license. ) The Class F license does not allow you to drive a motorcycle unless the license shows the Motorcycle (M) endorsement. Endorsements will be discussed later in this chapter. You must pass the Class F written, vision, road sign, and driving tests. For-Hire License (Class E) — Eligible Age: 18 When you test for a Class E license, the written exam will include questions based on the complete driver guide, but mainly Chapter 15 (Commercial Driver Licenses).You must also pass the vision and road sign tests. If you already have a Class F license, a driving test is not required. However, you must still meet the â€Å"under 21 require ments† (see page 21) for a full license if you apply for a Class E license at age 18. There are a number of reasons you may wish to obtain a Class E license, such as: †¢ If you receive pay for driving a motor vehicle transporting 14 or fewer passengers (such as a driver for a day care center). †¢ If you will transport property for pay or as part of your job (such as a pizza or florist delivery driver). 9 If you regularly operate a motor vehicle for your employment which belongs to another person and is designed to carry freight and merchandise. The vehicle must be 26,000 pounds or less gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) and not required to be placarded for hazardous materials. Motorcycle License (Class M) — Eligible Age: 16 You must have a Class M license or permit (or a driver license with the M endorsement) if you operate a motorcycle or motortricycle on public roadways. You will need to pass the Class F and Class M written, vision, road sign, and motorcycle skills tests.Graduated driver license requirements will apply to Class M license applicants between the ages of 16 and 18. See the Graduated Driver License requirements later in this chapter. For more information about Missouri’s motorcycle laws, please obtain a copy of the Motorcycle Operator Manual at the Missouri Highway Patrol testing station or at one of our license offices. Commercial Driver License (Class A, B, or C) You must have a commercial driver license based on the type of commercial motor vehicle you drive.You must be at least 18 years old to apply for a CDL, and at least 21 years old to obtain a CDL with a Hazmat or school bus endorsement. You must still meet the â€Å"under 21† requirements if you apply for a CDL at age 18. Please refer to the Missouri Commercial Driver License (CDL) Manual for detailed information about the CDL program. Nondriver License/Identification Card (Class ND) You may obtain a photo nondriver license for identification purpose s. Your nondriver license expires on your date of birth in the sixth year after you apply. If you are age 70 or older, your nondriver license will never expire.If you are applying for a nondriver license to add or retain a Concealed Carry Weapon (CCW) endorsement, the nondriver license will expire on the same date as the CCW endorsement. This date is determined by calculating three years from the issue date of the Concealed Carry Certificate of Qualification issued by the sheriff or sheriff’s designee. REQUIREMENTS TO OBTAIN A LICENSE OR PERMIT Depending on your age, whether you are obtaining a new license or permit, if you are renewing one, or if you have just moved to Missouri, the requirements to obtain a license are slightly different. If you are a driver age 15 to 21, the Graduated Driver License (GDL) program applies to you. Please see the GDL section in this chapter for more information. You will need to show verification of name, date of birth,place of birth, social s ecurity number, and Missouri residential address (detailed in this chapter) to qualify. †¢ If you are a Missouri driver renewing a license, you must show verification of name, date of birth, place of birth, social security number and Missouri residential address. You will also surrender your previous license and take the vision and road sign tests. 10 If you are obtaining a new Missouri license, you must show verification of name, date of birth, place of birth, social security number and Missouri residential address . You will be required to take the four-part driver examination. The four-part exam consists of a written test, vision test, road sign test, and a driving skills test. (See Chapter 2 for more information. ) †¢ If you are new to Missouri and are transferring your out-of-state driver license, you will need to show verification of name, date of birth, place of birth, social security number and Missouri residential address.You will also surrender the license from y our previous state of residence, and take the vision and road sign tests. †¢ You must take the four-part driver examination (detailed in Chapter 2) if any of the following apply to you: †¢ You are applying for a new Missouri driver license. †¢ Your Missouri driver license has been expired for more than 6 months (184 days). †¢ Your out-of-state license has been expired for more than 184 days. †¢ Your license was revoked because you have too many points (see Chapter 11) on your driving record or because of an Administrative Alcohol action (see Chapter 10). The Director of Revenue asks you to take the exam, even if you have a current driver license. Required Documents When you obtain or renew any license, permit, or nondriver license, you will be required to show verification of name, date of birth, place of birth, social security number and Missouri residential address, as required by Missouri law. If renewing, you will also be required to present and surrende r your current license, permit, or nondriver license. Details of these requirements are listed below. For more information, visit www. dor. mo. gov. †¢ Name, Date of Birth, Place of Birth: A U. S. itizen may show a birth certificate issued by a state or local government (with an embossed, stamped or raised seal), a valid or expired U. S. passport, a Certificate of Citizenship, Certificate of Naturalization, or a Certificate of Birth Abroad. A hospital-issued birth certificate is not acceptable. U. S. Military Indentification Card or Discharge Papers accompanied by a copy of U. S. Birth Certificate issued by a state or local Government. Non-U. S. citizens must present the appropriate immigration documents indicating the applicant’s status. Examine the full list of acceptable required documents at www. or. mo. gov/mvdl/drivers/idrequirements. pdf. Age 65 and Older Exemption — If you are renewing a non-commercial permit/driver license or nondriver license and are age 65 or older you are exempt from presenting documents for place of birth. †¢ Social Security Number: A Social Security card or Medicare card with your current name can be presented. If your name on the Social Security card or Medicare card does not match your current name, additional documents must be presented to supply verification of your name change. 11 †¢ Missouri Residential Address: You have a variety of options to prove your current address.Examples include a recent utility bill (including phone, electric, gas, water, sewer, and cable), property tax receipt, most recent bank statement, voter ID card, or any official letter issued within the last 30 days by another state or local governmental agency on its letterhead. A Missouri residential address will be required each time you apply to renew a driver license, nondriver license, or instruction permit. If you are under the age of 21 and cannot provide verification of a Missouri residential address, a parent or legal guardian may provide such a document on your behalf. Resident address is the location at which a person has been physically present, and that the person regards as home. A residential address is a person’s true, fixed, principal, and permanent home, to which a person intends to return and remain, even though currently residing elsewhere. Social Security Number State law requires you to include your Social Security Number (SSN) on your application to obtain a license or permit. A license office employee may ask for proof of your SSN. Any one of the documents below are acceptable as proof of SSN: †¢ Social Security card – A metal card is not acceptable. Recent payroll stub containing the SSN. †¢ Military Identification Card containing the SSN. †¢ IRS/state tax forms – A Form W-2 is not acceptable. †¢ Financial statement, on company form/letterhead, containing the SSN. If you do not have a social security number, you must sign an affidavit stat ing that you do not have a social security number. If a social security number has not been assigned, you must present a letter from the Social Security Administration (SSA) regarding the status of your social security number. Your application and supporting documents will be sent to the central office for verification.Your permit or license will be issued if approved. Name Changes If the name on your required documents does not match your current name, present one of the documents below showing your correct/current name. †¢ Last Name Change – certified marriage certificate, certified divorce decree, certified court order, certified adoption papers, or amended birth certificate, U. S. passport, or social security card or medicare card. †¢ First Name Change – court order or adoption papers †¢ Middle Name Change – court order. TIP! Make sure you have all the necessary documents with you before you go to your license office.It will save you time and the time of your fellow customers! FEES FOR PERMITS Fees for and duration of a permit are based on the applicant’s age at the time of the transaction. Application test fees are not included. 12 NEW / RENEWAL PERMIT TYPE MINIMUM AGE COST VALID FOR†¦ Student Permit 15 $1. 00 Length of Approved Course Instruction Permit 15 $3. 50 0–12 months Motorcycle Permit 15 1/2 or 16 $6. 25 or $3. 50 0–6 months 18 $7. 50 0–6 months Commercial Driver License (CDL) Permit FEES FOR LICENSES Fees and duration of license are based on the applicant’s age at the time of the transaction.Application test fees are not included. NEW / RENEWAL LICENSE MINIMUM AGE COST Intermediate License 16 $7. 50 0–2 years Full License (Class F) 18 $10. 00 or $20. 00 0–3 years* or 0–6 years* For-Hire License (Class E) 18 $17. 50 or $35. 00 0–3 years* or 0–6 years* TYPE Age 70 with school bus endorsement New: $7. 50 Renewal: $2. 50 Commercial Driver L icense (Class A, B, or C) 18 $22. 50 or $45. 00 VALID FOR†¦ 0–1 year 0–3 years* or 0–6 years* Age 70 with school bus endorsement New: $10. 00 Renewal: $2. 50 0–1 year 16 $10. 00 or $20. 00 0–3 years* or 0–6 years any age $11. 00 0–6 years* or Non-Expiring*Nondriver License (ID card) 21 with Concealed Carry and over Weapon Endorsement (CCW) $5. 50 0–3 years Expiring on same date as CCW Motorcycle Only License (Class M) Nondriver License (ID card) *Based on the applicant’s age or document verification status at the time of the transaction. 13 RESTRICTIONS If you have limited driving experience or a medical condition that impairs your ability to drive safely, you may receive a restricted license permitting you to drive only under specific conditions. If you have a restricted license, it will have one or more of the restriction codes shown below.You may be required to take a driving test in order to have a restriction r emoved from your license. If you disobey the restriction(s), you can be charged with driving without a license, and if convicted, points will be placed on your driving record. If you receive too many points (see Chapter 11), your license may be suspended or revoked. RESTRICTION CODES A B C D E F G H I J K L Corrective Lenses Outside Rearview Mirror Daylight Driving Only Auto Trans/Power Steering Seat Cushion Restricted to 45 MPH 25 Mile Radius Special Hand Devices Intermediate License Electrical Turn Signals Intrastate CDL Only Non-airbrake CDL M N O P R T U W YZ Extension on Foot Device Leg Brace(s) Foot Operated Emergency Brake Accelerator on Steering Column Back Cushion Right Outside Mirror Uncoded Restriction* 3-Wheel Motorcycle Only Left Outside Mirror More than 5 Restrictions *An uncoded restriction is any restriction not listed here. Any law enforcement officer, judge, or physician can ask the Department of Revenue to place restrictions on your license. Medical Referral There are two reasons you may need a physician's statement when you renew or apply for a license: †¢ You have had epileptic seizures, convulsions, or blackouts within the 6 months prior to your application for a license. A driver examiner, license clerk, family member, law enforcement officer, or physician believes you may have some other medical condition that would make you an unsafe driver. This person must complete the Driver Condition Report (Form 4319) and submit it to the Department of Revenue. ENDORSEMENTS Endorsements are just the opposite of restrictions because they qualify you to do things you couldn't do without the endorsement, such as drive a school bus or carry a concealed weapon. The endorsements available for your noncommercial (class F, E, or M) Missouri driver license are listed below. School Bus (S) endorsement — A school bus endorsement is required for anyone transporting students from school to home, home to school, and to and from school-sponsored even ts. A school bus endorsement may be issued to drivers age 21 or older who hold a Class E (For-Hire) license or 14 a commercial license with a Passenger (P) endorsement. A school bus endorsement can be suspended for one year if a person fails to pass any drug, alcohol, or chemical test administered in accordance with any federal or state law, rule, or regulation regarding the operation of a school bus. Missouri law has special operating regulations for school buses.If you need more information on school buses, contact: Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, Division of Administrative and Financial Services — School Transportation, e-mail: [email  protected] dese. mo. gov; phone: (573) 751-0357; fax: (573) 526-6898. †¢ Concealed Carry Weapon (CCW) Endorsement — To obtain a CCW endorsement on a driver license and/or a nondriver license, you must be at least 21 years of age and present to the license clerk a Concealed Carry Certificate of Qualifi cation issued by the sheriff or sheriff’s designee in your Missouri county based on your residential address within seven days of issuance.A driver license with a CCW endorsement will have an expiration date that is different from the expiration date of the CCW. The CCW expiration date will be indicated separately on the face of the driver license. You must remember to renew your CCW endorsement and apply for an updated driver license to reflect the renewed qualification. A nondriver license with a CCW endorsement will be issued with an expiration date that will be the same as the expiration date of the CCW endorsement. The date is defined as three years from the issue date of the CCW Certificate of Qualification as posted by the sheriff or sheriff’s designee.The dates will be reflected separately on the face of the nondriver license If your driver or nondriver license with a CCW endorsement is lost, destroyed, or stolen, you must present to the license clerk a re-issu ed Concealed Carry Certificate of Qualification from the sheriff or sheriff’s designee in the county you reside in containing the original issue date, unless you are due for renewal, and a new control number. If you hold a driver and/or nondriver license with a CCW endorsement, you must notify the sheriff or sheriff’s designee and the Department of Revenue of any change in address.If your county has changed, you must notify the sheriff or sheriff’s designee in both your previous county and your new county. †¢ Additional endorsements are available if you have a Commercial Driver License. For more information, please see the Commercial Driver License Manual, available from the Missouri State Highway Patrol, license offices, or our web site at www. dor. mo. gov. RENEWING A LICENSE OR PERMIT Renewal Reminders The department will mail you a reminder to renew before your license expires. The reminder will be sent to the mailing address on your driver record.When you move, you may update your address in one of the following ways: 15 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Complete an address change at your local license office; On-line at www. dor. mo. gov; Send an e-mail to [email  protected] mo. gov; or Send a written notice with your new address to the Driver License Bureau, P. O. Box 200, Jefferson City, MO 65105-0200. Your reminder will state the fee required to renew your license. You can renew your license up to 6 months before it expires. Each time you renew, you will be required to take the vision and road sign test.It is your responsibility to renew your driver license, even if you do not receive your reminder. Failure to renew promptly may cause you to have to retake the written and driving tests. You can be ticketed for driving without a valid license. Exception: If you will be leaving the state/country for an extended time you may request an early renewal of your driver license at your local license office. A driver license may be val id for up to 6 years. If you allow it to expire, you must not drive. If you would like to continue driving uninterrupted, you must renew your license before it expires.If you do not renew your license within 6 months (or 184 days) after its expiration date, you will have to take the written and driving tests (see Chapter 2), in addition to the vision and road sign tests. License offices are usually busiest at the end of each month. Since you may renew your license up to 6 months (184 days) before it expires, you are encouraged to select a time to avoid the longer lines. If the renewal dates for your driver license and motor vehicle registration renewal are within 6 months, you may be able to complete both renewals at the same time and save yourself a trip later to the license office.Renewal by Mail for Active Duty Members of the Armed Forces Missouri allows renewal by mail for members of the armed forces and their dependents. Applicants should submit renewal form 4317 (available on- line at http://dor. mo. gov/forms/index. php, or faxed upon request), along with required documents and fees. Missouri allows a renewal without re-examination for members of the armed forces whose license has expired while out of state, for up to six months from honorable discharge or within ninety days of reestablishing residency in Missouri, whichever occurs first.The expired Missouri license and discharge papers must be submitted at the time of application in addition to other applicable renewal documents. The expired license is not valid for driving. These provisions only waive re-examination and do not extend the actual driving privileges beyond the expiration date. Lost, Stolen, or Destroyed License If your license expires or is lost or stolen while you are out of state, you may request a Mail-In License Application by phone at (573) 751-4600 or download the form (DOR-4317) at our web site at www. dor. mo. gov. If your license is lost, stolen, or destroyed, you must apply for a duplicate license.If your current license expires within the next 6 months, you may renew your license early rather than obtain a duplicate license. This saves you time and money. 16 16 Renewing When Your License is Suspended or Revoked You may take the vision and road sign tests and renew your license even while your driving privilege is suspended. However, if your driving privilege has been revoked, you may only renew your license during the revocation if it resulted from your refusal to take a chemical test, from an â€Å"abuse and lose† court order, or a minor in possession action.You will not receive your license back until you have completed your reinstatement requirements and your driving privilege has been reinstated. OTHER INFORMATION ABOUT YOUR DRIVER LICENSE †¢ Organ, Eye and Tissue Donor Information When you apply for a new, renewal, or duplicate instruction permit, driver or nondriver license, the contract office will provide information regarding the firs t person consent organ, eye and tissue donor registry. You will be asked two very important questions at the time you make your application. . â€Å"Do you authorize a symbol to be placed on your license indicating your consent to be listed as an organ, eye and tissue donor in the donor registry? † If you say â€Å"yes†, a red heart with a green banner will appear on the front of your instruction permit, driver, or nondriver license. Your name will automatically be added to the Missouri Organ and Tissue Donor Registry managed by the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services or their agent. The registry is on a secure, confidential database.Joining the registry means you have legally documented your decision to save lives by becoming an organ and tissue donor at the time of your death – no further consent is needed – relieving your family of making that decision on your behalf. There is no fee to place the symbol on your instruction permit, driver or nondriver license, or place your name in the registry. You may obtain more information regarding the donor registry or register your decision and enroll on-line at www. missouriorgandonor. com 2. â€Å"Would you like to contribute a dollar to the Missouri Organ Donor Fund? †Another way to support organ and tissue donation is to make a voluntary contribution to the Missouri Organ Donor Fund. Your contribution to the fund directly supports registry operation and public education so that people are empowered to make an informed decision about donation. The registry and educational efforts are supported by contributions only. On the back of your instruction permit, driver or nondriver license, space is provided to designate any organs you want to donate at the time of your death, in other words, an anatomical gift. Write the organ(s) you want to donate and sign and date in front of two witnesses.They too must sign. There is also a place on the back of the license to indicate y our Attorney in Fact for health care decisions, including organ donation. An Attorney in Fact is someone to whom you give permission to act on your behalf. Use a permanent marker when completing the back of your driver and nondriver license. 17 You are strongly encouraged to inform your family of your decision to be an organ, eye, and tissue donor and your decision related to Attorney in Fact. Although Missouri law does not require it, keeping everyone informed will help avoid confusion or delays. The back of your license also includes areas for you to write your blood type and allergic reactions to medicines. If you are in an accident, this information could help medical personnel save your life. †¢ Blind Awareness Fund State law requires the clerk to ask you if you would like to donate $1 to the blind awareness fund when you apply for a license, permit, or non-driver license. †¢ â€Å"J88† Notation for Deaf or Hard of Hearing Applicants When you apply for or renew your driver license, nondriver license, or instruction permit, you may ask that a â€Å"J88† notation be placed on your driver license, nondriver license, or instruction permit.In the event of an emergency, this notation will allow law enforcement or emergency and medical personnel to readily determine if you are deaf or hard of hearing. This will assist in ensuring effective communications with someone who is injured and nonresponsive. In order to obtain the â€Å"J88† notation, you must request the notation when applying for a license or instruction permit. You must have one of the following documents if you wish to have the â€Å"J88† notation placed on your license or permit: †¢ A medical statement from a licensed medical professional, which verifies your level of hearing loss. A certified affidavit — The affidavit form (DOR-4942) can be obtained from any license office. †¢ A statement from an approved or authorized agency listed below, whi ch verifies your level of hearing loss. Agencies or programs authorized to provide documentation that a license or instruction permit applicant is deaf or hearing impaired shall include but not be limited to the following: †¢ The Missouri Commission for the Deaf †¢ Social Security Administration †¢ A vocational rehabilitation program †¢ A federal, state, or county department of health †¢ An Independent Living CenterThe Director of Revenue shall have authorization to review and determine acceptability of any documentation from an agency or program not listed. †¢ Boater Safety Indicator If you are a resident of Missouri who has complied with the provisions of section 306. 127, RSMo and possess a current Boating Safety Education Card issued by the Missouri State Highway Patrol, you may request to obtain a boater identification indicator on your driver license or nondriver license. The Missouri State Highway Patrol will accept the indicator on a valid drive r license or nondriver license in lieu of carrying the separate Boating Safety Education Card.You must request the new indicator and present your valid Boating Safety Education Card at the time of application for a new, renewal or duplicate transaction. There will be an additional cost of $1. 00 added to standard processing fees when the boater identification indicator is initially added to a driver license or nondriver license document. 18 †¢ Permanent Disability Indicator If you are a resident of Missouri who is permanently disabled you may request to have a permanent disability indicator placed on the back of your driver license or nondriver license at the time of application for a new, renewal or duplicate transaction.To be eligible for the indicator you must submit a Form 5294 Physicians Statement – Permanent Disability Indicator completed and signed by your physician, physical therapist, occupational therapist licensed under Chapter 334, RSMo, or other authorized h ealthcare practitioner. There will be no additional cost to add the indicator. The standard new, renewal, or duplicate transaction and processing fees will apply. You are not required by law to obtain a permanent disability indicator on your driver license or non-driver license. The indicator is not a determination of eligibility or public benefits. Driver's Privacy Protection Act (DPPA) The Federal Driver's Privacy Protection Act requires all states to close the personal information contained on all motor vehicle, driver and nondriver license records, unless otherwise directed by state law. Under Missouri law, a person or entity may access the personal information if exempt under the DPPA (and have submitted Form 4678 — Request for Security Access Code) or have obtained express consent from the record holder (Form 4681 Request from Record Holder). †¢ Voter Registration When you apply for or renew your driver license, nondriver license, or nstruction permit, the clerk wi ll ask you if you are registered to vote. If you indicate that you are registered to vote, your transaction will be completed. If you are not registered, and are interested in becoming registered, or need to update your name or address on your voter registration card, you may complete an application and it will be forwarded to your local election authority. †¢ Selective Service Registration Male applicants, age 18 to 26, may register with the Selective Service at the time of their license or permit application.SUSPENSION OR REVOCATION OF YOUR LICENSE There are a number of reasons your license may be revoked or suspended or denied. Your best bet is to be responsible and be a good driver. You can lose your license for any of the following reasons: †¢ Parent or Guardian Request to Deny a Driver License — If you are under the age 18, your parent or guardian may request that the Director of Revenue deny you a license. If you already have a driver license, the request (Fo rm 4811) will cancel your license. When the department receives the request, a denial will be placed on your driving record.The denial expires when you turn 18 or when your parent or guardian requests your driving status be cleared. Form 4811 may be found on the department's web site at www. dor. mo. gov or at any license office. †¢ Driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs (see Chapter 10) †¢ Refusing to let a police officer test you for alcohol or drugs †¢ Leaving the scene of an accident †¢ Failing to file an accident report (see Chapter 13) †¢ Giving false information when you apply for a license †¢ Failing to settle a court judgment made against you for damages resulting from a motor vehicle accident 9 †¢ Failing to keep insurance (financial responsibility) (see Chapter 13) †¢ Changing the information on your license or using someone else’s license when you attempt to buy alcohol †¢ Failing to appear for an exam when req uested by the Driver License Bureau †¢ Using a motor vehicle to commit a felony or causing the death of someone in a motor vehicle accident †¢ Having too many points on your driving record (see Chapter 11) †¢ Letting someone else use your driver license †¢ Failing to appear in court or pay traffic tickets in Missouri or other states †¢ Failing to pay child support Failing to use an ignition interlock device when required †¢ Stealing fuel from a gas station †¢ Possessing any intoxicating liquor if you are a minor †¢ Submitting false proof of insurance †¢ Failing to yield the right-of-way and causing injury or death THE GRADUATED DRIVER LICENSE (GDL) LAW Missouri's Graduated Driver License Law requires all first-time drivers to obtain an instruction permit and complete a period of driving with a licensed driver followed by a period of restricted driving (intermediate license) before getting a full license.Studies from across the country sho w that deaths and serious injuries from traffic crashes involving young drivers decline by as much as 58 percent after a Graduated Driver License Law is implemented. Consider the instruction permit as step one, the intermediate license as step two, and the full (Under 21) driver license as step three. The following are descriptions of each step to help you understand the GDL program. STEP ONE: Instruction Permit Eligible Age: 15 Cost: $3. 50 Valid: 0-12 months, based on document verification status To Obtain an Instruction Permit: Pass the vision, road sign, and written tests. †¢ A parent, stepparent, legal guardian, or certified trainer (with a federal residential job training program) must accompany you to the license office to sign a permission statement. Permit Notes: †¢ Under age 16, you may drive only when accompanied in the front seat by a parent, stepparent, grandparent, legal guardian, or qualified driving instructor. If your parent, stepparent, grandparent, or le gal guardian is physically disabled, he or she may designate up to two persons to accompany you in the vehicle to provide behind-the-wheel instruction. At age 16 or older, you may drive when accompanied in the front seat by a person who is at least 21 years old and has a valid driver license. †¢ Seat belts must be worn by the driver and all passengers. †¢ Your test paper alone is not legal for driving. Be sure to carry your permit with you. †¢ You may renew your instruction permit as many times as needed without taking additional written tests. †¢ Free â€Å"PERMIT DRIVER† window signs are available at all license offices. 20 To Graduate to an Intermediate License: †¢ You must have an instruction permit for a minimum of 6 months (182 days) beginning the day after issuance. You must have received 40 hours of driving instruction with a parent, stepparent, legal guardian, or certified trainer (with a federal residential job training program). The require d 40 hours must include at least 10 hours of nighttime driving. STEP TWO: Intermediate License Eligible Age: 16 to 18 Cost: $7. 50 Valid: 0-2 years, based on document verification status To Obtain an Intermediate License: †¢ You must satisfy the requirements (listed in Step One) to graduate from the instruction permit, and hold the instruction permit for at least 6 months (182 days) beginning the day after issuance.This includes having no alcohol-related convictions in the last 12 months and no traffic convictions in the last 6 months. †¢ A parent, stepparent, legal guardian, or certified trainer (with a federal residential job training program) must accompany you to the license office to verify you have received 40 hours of driving instruction with your instruction permit. †¢ Pass the vision, road sign, and written tests if previous results are more than one year old. †¢ Pass the driving test. License Notes: †¢ Your test paper alone is not legal for driving . Be sure to carry your intermediate license with you. Seat belts must be worn by the driver and all passengers. †¢ Passenger restrictions outlined below may not be applicable to an intermediate license holder who is operating in agricultural work-related activities. Driving Restrictions: †¢ During the first 6 months, you may not operate a motor vehicle with more than one passenger who is under the age of 19 and who is not a member of your immediate family*. †¢ After the first 6 months, you may not operate a motor vehicle with more than three passengers who are under 19 years of age and who are not members of your immediate family*. †¢ You may not drive alone between 1:00 a. . and 5:00 a. m. except to and from a school activity, job, or an emergency, unless accompanied by a licensed driver 21 years of age or older. * Immediate family shall include parents, grandparents, brothers, sisters, stepbrothers, stepsisters, and adopted or foster children residing in the d river's household. Parent shall include a foster parent, stepparent or adoptive parent. Grandparent shall include a foster grandparent, stepgrandparent or adoptive grandparent. To Graduate to a Full Under-21 Driver License: – Your driving privilege cannot be suspended, revoked, or denied at the time of application. You may not have any alcohol-related offenses or traffic convictions within the last 12 months. 21 Full Driver License (Under 21) Eligible Age: 18 Cost: $10. 00 Valid: 0-3 years, based on document verification status To Obtain the Under-21 Full Driver License: †¢ You must satisfy the requirements for an intermediate license. This includes having no alcohol-related convictions or traffic convictions in the last 12 months. †¢ Have a valid intermediate license. Your driving privilege cannot be suspended, revoked, or denied when you apply for a full driver license. Pass the vision and road sign recognition tests. (You are not required to pass the written and driving tests if already completed. ) If you are under 21 years of age, the Department of Revenue will issue you a license identifying you as a minor. When you become 21 years old, you may apply and pay for another driver license (without the minor indication) or wait until your under-21 driver license expires. A CHECKLIST FOR YOU  You must have the following documents with you when you apply for a Missouri driver license, instruction permit, or nondriver license.Take all the documents with you to a contract office when you apply for your licen